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    Radiation Protection: IAEA Training Material On Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy

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    The document discusses the principles of radiation protection in radiotherapy. It outlines the aims of preventing deterministic effects and reducing stochastic effects. The key principles discussed are justification of practices, optimization of radiation exposure by keeping doses as low as reasonably achievable, and adhering to dose limits for occupational workers and the public. Various methods are presented for reducing radiation exposure through time, distance, shielding, and use of personal protective equipment.

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    Radiation Protection: IAEA Training Material On Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy

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    firdaushassan2112
    90 views32 pages
    The document discusses the principles of radiation protection in radiotherapy. It outlines the aims of preventing deterministic effects and reducing stochastic effects. The key principles discussed are justification of practices, optimization of radiation exposure by keeping doses as low as reasonably achievable, and adhering to dose limits for occupational workers and the public. Various methods are presented for reducing radiation exposure through time, distance, shielding, and use of personal protective equipment.

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    Radiation Protection

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    Radiation Protection Final

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    The document discusses the principles of radiation protection in radiotherapy. It outlines the aims of preventing deterministic effects and reducing stochastic effects. The key principles discussed are justification of practices, optimization of radiation exposure by keeping doses as low as reasonably achievable, and adhering to dose limits for occupational workers and the public. Various methods are presented for reducing radiation exposure through time, distance, shielding, and use of personal protective equipment.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    90 views32 pages

    Radiation Protection: IAEA Training Material On Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy

    Uploaded by

    firdaushassan2112
    The document discusses the principles of radiation protection in radiotherapy. It outlines the aims of preventing deterministic effects and reducing stochastic effects. The key principles discussed are justification of practices, optimization of radiation exposure by keeping doses as low as reasonably achievable, and adhering to dose limits for occupational workers and the public. Various methods are presented for reducing radiation exposure through time, distance, shielding, and use of personal protective equipment.

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    IAEA Training Material on Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy

    Radiation Protection

    Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy


    The two aims of radiation protection

    1. Prevention of deterministic effects (except


    in radiotherapy those that are intentionally
    produced, but including those which are
    NOT intended, such as accidental medical
    exposure)
    2. Reduction of the probability of stochastic
    effects

    Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy 2


    Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau

    The mostsensitive
    “The most sensitive cells
    cells are arethat
    those those that are
    are undifferentiated,
    well nourished, dividing
    undifferentiated, quickly and highly
    well nourished, active
    dividing
    metabolically”.
    quickly and highly active metabolically.

    Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy Part 4, lecture 1: General principles 5


    How does radiation damage DNA?
    • Direct hit – when ionization occurs directly
    within the DNA
    • Indirectly – by ionization of water producing
    free radicals which may react chemicaly with
    DNA.

    Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy Part 4, lecture 1: General principles 6


    The need for protection applies to all
    dose levels

    • It is generally assumed that even very small


    doses of ionizing radiation can potentially
    be harmful.
    • Therefore, persons must be protected from
    ionizing radiation at all dose levels.

    Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy 7


    Fundamental principles of
    radiation protection
    • Justification of practices
    • Optimization - ALARA
    • Dose limits

    Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy 8


    Justification

    • No use of ionizing radiation is justified if


    there is no benefit
    • All applications must be justified
    • This implies: All, even the smallest
    exposures are potentially harmful and the
    risk must be offset by a benefit

    Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy 9


    Risk/Benefit analysis

    • Need to evaluate the benefits of radiation


    • Radiation is the therapeutic agent
    • Assessment of the risks requires the
    knowledge of the dose received by persons

    Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy 10


    Optimization
    • When radiation is to be used then the
    exposure should be optimized to minimize
    any possibility of detriment.
    • Optimization is “doing the best you can
    under the prevailing conditions”
    • Need to be familiar with techniques and
    options to optimize the application of
    ionizing radiation

    Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy 11


    Optimization principle
    As Low As Reasonably Achievable
    This means radiation exposure should be
    limited as much as possible keeping in mind
    the risk-benefit relation of radiation and its
    applications. For example, it is unreasonable to
    refuse an X Ray after a bone fracture because
    statistically this may shorten your life
    expectancy by one day. The benefits of the X
    Ray with its diagnostic value by far outweigh
    the risk associated with the radiation exposure.

    Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy 12


    Dose limits
    • A limit should be applied to the dose other
    than from medical exposures, received by any
    individual as the result of all the pracrices to
    which he or she is exposed

    Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy Part 4, lecture 1: General principles 13


    Dose limits in occupational
    exposure
    • Effective dose limit for whole body radiation is
    20mSv per calendar year averaged over a
    defined period of 5 years, and with the
    provision that the effective dose shall not
    exceed 50mSv in any single year
    - Basic Safety Standards Regulations.

    Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy Part 4, lecture 1: General principles 14


    Dose limits for pregnant women
    • Dose to the fetus accumulated over the period
    of confirmed pregnancy and the date of
    delivery shall not exceed 1mSv.
    • Same goes to members of the public.

    Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy Part 4, lecture 1: General principles 15


    Radiology examination in pregnant
    women

    • All patients of menstrual age (typically ages 12


    through 50 years) should be questioned about
    pregnancy status – ACR guidelines 2008

    Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy 16


    • If a patient can reliably answer that 1) she
    cannot be pregnant and that 2) she had a
    recent complete menstrual period, then it is
    reasonable to proceed with a medically
    indicated diagnostic X-ray.
    • The last complete menstrual period should
    have occurred within the previous 4 weeks.
    • During this interval diagnostic radiation
    represents no substantive risk to a conceptus

    Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy Part 4, lecture 1: General principles 17


    • “Exposure of the embryo in the first 3 weeks
    following conception is not likely to result in
    deterministic or stochastic effects in the live-
    born child, despite the fact that the central
    nervous system and the heart are beginning to
    develop in the third week.”

    – ICRP publication 60

    Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy Part 4, lecture 1: General principles 18


    Basic radiation protection strategies

    • Radiation cannot be seen,


    heard or felt. Therefore it is
    essential to know about it.
    • Can be accurately
    measured using
    appropriate instruments
    • Need appropriately
    qualified expert

    Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy 19


    Basic radiation protection strategies

    • Radiation cannot be
    seen, heard or felt.
    Therefore it is essential to
    know about it.
    • Need signs

    Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy 20


    Basic radiation protection
    strategies
    –Time
    –Distance
    –Shielding

    Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy 21


    Dose is proportional to
    Time
    the time exposed

    Dose = Dose-rate x Time

    Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy 22


    Consequence
    • Reduce time in contact with radiation sources
    as much as compatible with the task

    Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy 23


    Distance
    Inverse square law (ISL):
    Dose-rate  1/(distance)2
    dose-rate

    distance

    Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy 24


    Consequence
    Reduction of radiation dose is
    inversely proportional to the
    square of the distance

    Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy 25


    Shielding
    Barrier thickness

    incident
    radiation transmitted
    radiation

    Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy 26


    Penetrating power of radiation

    Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy


    • Alpha particles
    – the least penetrating of the three types of ionizing radiation.
    – can be stopped by a piece of thin paper or clothing.
    – an internal hazard only.
    • Beta particles
    – penetrate skin and tissue
    – require a few millimeters of aluminum to stop them.
    – can be both an external and internal hazard.
    • Gamma rays
    – the most penetrating type of radiation
    – “penetrating radiation”.
    – an internal and external hazard.

    Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy Part 4, lecture 1: General principles 28


    Protection against external exposure

    Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy


    Half value layer (HVL)

    Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy


    Radiation Personal Protective
    Equipment

    Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy Part 4, lecture 1: General principles 31


    Summary

    • Humans must be protected from ionizing


    radiation at all dose levels
    • Exposure can occur in three different
    categories:
    – Occupational
    – Medical
    – Public

    Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy 32


    Summary
    • The basic principles of a system of radiation
    protection are:
    – Justification of practices
    – Dose limits to individuals
    – Optimization of protection
    • ALARA
    • Even simple measures such as reducing the time
    exposed to irradiation or keeping distance can be
    effective measures to reduce exposure
    Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy
    References
    • International Commission of Radiation
    Protection - Radiological Protection and Safety
    in Medicine.
    • American College of Radiology guidelines in
    radiation protection in pregnant women.

    Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy 34

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