Inquiry

It is a learning process that motivates you

to obtain knowledge or information about
people, things, places, or events.You do
this by investigating or askimg questions
about something you are inquisitive about.
 Benefits of Inquiry-Based Learing
1. Elevates interpretative thinking through graphic skills
2. Improves student learning abilities
3. Widens learners vocabulary
4. Facilitates problem-solving acts
5. Increases social awareness and cultural knowledge
6. Encourages cooperative learning
7.Provides mastery of procedural knowledge
8.Encourages higher-order thinking strategies
9.Hasten conceptual understanding
 Inquire
• examines
• inspect
• interrogate
• investigate
• analyze
• catechize
• explore
Pry
Query
Question
Roast
Scrutinize
Search
Seek
Go over
Request
 Crucial
• Central momentous
• Compelling necessary
• Deciding pivotal
• Decisive urgent
• Essential hugh-priority
• imperative
 Guarantee
• Certification
• Pledge
• Promise
• Agreement
• Security
 Guidelines in Choosing a Research Topic
1.Interest in the subject matter

2.Availability of the Information

3.Timeliness and relevance of the topic
4.Limitations on the subject
5.Personal resources
 Research Topics to be Avoided
1.Controversial Topics
2.Highly Technical subjects
3.Hard-to-investigate subjects
4. Too broad subjects
5. Vague Subjects
6. Too Narrow Subjects
 Sources of Research Topics
1. Mass media communication
2. Books, Internet, peer-reviwed journals, government publications
3. Professional Magazine,World Missionperiodicals ,
4. General Periodicals such as Reader’s Digest,Women’s Magazine,
Panorama Magazine,Time Magazine,World Mission Magazine,
etc.
5. Previous reading assignemnts in your other subjects
6. Work Experience- OJT,Field Work
 Guidelines in Formulating Research Questions
1.Establish a clear relation between the research
questions and the problem topic.
2.Base your research questions on your RRL because
existing published works help you get good background
knowledge of the research problem and help you gauge
the people’s current understanding on unfamiliarity about
the topic,as well as the extent of their knowledge and
interest in it.
3.Formulate research questions that can arouse your
curiosity and surprise you with your discoveries or findings.
4.State your research questions in such a way that they
include all dependent and independent variables referred to
by theories, principles,,or concepts underlying your research
work.
5.Let the set of research questions or sub-problems be
preceded by one question expressing the main problem of
the research.
6. Avoid asking research questions that are
answerable with yes or no and use the “
how” questions only in quantitative research
7.Be guided by the acronym SMART
 Meaning of Review of Related Literature
Literature is an oral or written record of
man’s significant experiences that are
artistically conveyed in a prosaic
manner.
 Purposes of Review of Related Literature
1. To obtain background knowledge of your research
2. To relate your study to the current condition or situations of the
world.
3. To show the capacity of your research work to introduce new
knowledge
4. To expand, prove, or disprove the findings of previous research
studies
5. To increase your understanding of the underlying trheories,
principles, or concepts of your research.
6.To explain technical terms involved in your
research study
7.To highlight the significance of your work with the
kind of evidence it gathered to support the
conclusion of the research.
8.To avoid repeating previous research studies.
9.To recommend the necessity of further research
on a certain topic.
 Qualitative Research Design
• Basic Qualitative Research Characteristics
• Design is generally based on a social constructivism perspective.
• Research problems become research questions based on prior research
experience.
• Sample sizes can be as small as one.
• Data collection involves interview, observation, and/or archival
(content) data.
• Interpretation is based on a combination of researcher perspective and
data collected.
 Keywords
Transcribing is the process of converting audio or
video data to text for analysis.
Coding is the process of reviewing notes and
discovering common “themes.”
Themes describe the patterns/phenomenon as
results.
 Overview of Methods
. Interview (Individual, focus groups)
What is the difference between an interview and a survey?
Primarily, open-ended questions differentiate the two.
Qualitative researchers are concerned with making
inference based on perspective, so it is extremely important
to get as much data as possible for later analysis.
Researchers spend a considerable amount of time
designing interview questions. Interviews are designed to
generate participant perspectives about ideas, opinions, and
experiences.
 2. Observation (Individual, group,
location)
How is data derived from an observation? The researcher may
use a variety of methods for observing, including taking general
notes, using checklists, or time-and-motion logs. The
considerable time it takes for even a short observation deters
many researchers from using this method. Also, the researcher
risks his or her interpretation when taking notes, which is
accepted by qualitative researchers, but meets resistance
from post-positivists. Observations are designed to generate
data on activities and behaviors, and are generally more focused
on setting than other methods.
 3. Document Analysis (Content
analysis of written data)
What types of documents do qualitative researchers
analyze? Virtually anything that supports the question asked.
Print media has long been a staple data source for qualitative
researchers, but electronic media (email, blogs, user Web
pages, and even social network profiles) have extended the
data qualitative researchers can collect and analyze. The
greatest challenge offered by document analysis can be
sifting through all of the data to make general observations.
 Case Study
A case study is an in-depth analysis of people, events, and relationships,
bounded by some unifying factor. An example is principal leadership in
middle schools. Important aspects include not only the principal’s
behaviors and views on leadership, but also the perceptions of those
who interact with her/him, the context of the school, outside
constituents, comparison to other principals, and other quantitative
“variables.” Often, you may see a case study labeled “ethnographic case
study” which generally refers to a more comprehensive study focused
on a person or group of people, as the above example.
https://researchrundowns.com/qual/qualitative-research-design/
 There are two main types of sampling: probability
and non-probability sampling. The difference
between the two types is whether or not the sampling
selection involves randomization. Randomization
occurs when all members of the sampling frame have
an equal opportunity of being selected for the study.
Following is a discussion of probability and non-
probability sampling and the different types of each.
Probability Sampling – Uses randomization
and takes steps to ensure all members of a
population have a chance of being selected.
There are several variations on this type of
sampling and following is a list of ways
probability sampling may occur:
• Random sampling – every member has an equal chance
• Stratified sampling – population divided into subgroups (strata) and members
are randomly selected from each group
• Systematic sampling – uses a specific system to select members such as every
10th person on an alphabetized list
• Cluster random sampling – divides the population into clusters, clusters are
randomly selected and all members of the cluster selected are sampled
• Multi-stage random sampling – a combination of one or more of the above
methods
 Non-probability Sampling – Does not rely
on the use of randomization techniques to
select members. This is typically done in
studies where randomization is not possible in
order to obtain a representative sample. Bias is
more of a concern with this type of sampling.
The different types of non-probability
sampling are as follows:
• Convenience or accidental sampling – members or units
are selected based on availability
• Purposive sampling – members of a particular group are
purposefully sought after
• Modal instance sampling – members or units are the
most common within a defined group and therefore are
sought after
• Expert sampling – members considered to be of high
quality are chosen for participation
• Proportional and non-proportional quota sampling –
members are sampled until exact proportions of certain
types of data are obtained or until sufficient data in
different categories is collected
• Diversity sampling – members are selected intentionally
across the possible types of responses to capture all
possibilities
• Snowball sampling – members are sampled and then
asked to help identify other members to sample and this
process continues until enough samples are collected
 Characteristics of Quantitative Research
Your goal in conducting quantitative research study is to determine the
relationship between one thing [an independent variable] and another [a
dependent or outcome variable] within a population. Quantitative research
designs are either descriptive [subjects usually measured once]
or experimental [subjects measured before and after a treatment]. A
descriptive study establishes only associations between variables; an
experimental study establishes causality.
Quantitative research deals in numbers, logic, and
an objective stance. Quantitative research focuses
on numberic and unchanging data and detailed,
convergent reasoning rather than divergent
reasoning [i.e., the generation of a variety of
ideas about a research problem in a spontaneous,
free-flowing manner].
 Its main characteristics are:
• The data is usually gathered using structured research instruments.
• The results are based on larger sample sizes that are representative of
the population.
• The research study can usually be replicated or repeated, given its high
reliability.
• Researcher has a clearly defined research question to which objective
answers are sought.
• All aspects of the study are carefully designed before data is collected.
• Data are in the form of numbers and statistics, often arranged in
tables, charts, figures, or other non-textual forms.
• Project can be used to generalize concepts more widely, predict future results,
or investigate causal relationships.
• Researcher uses tools, such as questionnaires or computer software, to collect
numerical data.
 Four types of Quantitative Research
• Survey Research
• Survey research uses interviews, questionnaires, and sampling polls to get a
sense of behavior with intense precision. It allows researchers to judge
behavior and then present the findings in an accurate way. This is usually
expressed in a percentage. Survey research can be conducted around one
group specifically or used to compare several groups. When conducting
survey research it is important that the people questioned are sampled at
random. This allows for more accurate findings across a greater spectrum of
respondents.
 It is very important when conducting survey
research that you work with statisticians and
field service agents who are reputable. Since
there is a high level of personal interaction in
survey scenarios as well as a greater chance for
unexpected circumstances to occur, it is possible
for the data to be affected. This can heavily
influence the outcome of the survey.
 There are several ways to conduct survey
research. They can be done in person, over the
phone, or through mail or email. In the last
instance they can be self-administered. When
conducted on a single group survey research is
its own category. However survey research can
be applied to the other types of research listed
below.
Have you ever received a receipt from a store or
restaurant where you’re asked to call a number at
the bottom to participate in a survey and be
entered to win? Have you ever been asked to
“stay on the line” to answer a few questions
after an experience with a customer service rep?
Have you ever been asked to give your thoughts
after visiting a website? These are all examples
of survey research.
 Correlational Research
Correlational research tests for the relationships between two variables.
Performing correlational research is done to establish what the affect of one
on the other might be and how that affects the relationship. Correlational
research is conducted in order to explain a noticed occurrence. In correlational
research the survey is conducted on a minimum of two groups. In most
correlational research there is a level of manipulation involved with the
specific variables being researched. Once the information is compiled it is then
analyzed mathematically to draw conclusions about the affect that one has on
the other.
Remember, correlation does not always mean causation. For example, just
because two data points sync doesn’t mean that there is a direct cause and
effect relationship. Typically, you should not make assumptions from
correlational research alone.
 Causal-Comparative Research
Causal-comparative research looks to uncover a cause and
effect relationship. This research is not conducted between the
two groups on each other. Rather than look solely for a
statistical relationship between two variables it tries to identify,
specifically, how the different groups are affected by the same
circumstance. Causal-comparative research involves
‘comparison.’ In causal-comparative research the study of two
or more groups is done without focusing on their relationship.
As always the use of statistical analysis is engaged to synthesize
the data in a clear method for presentation.
 Experimental Research
Though questions may be posed in the other forms of research, experimental
research is guided specifically by a hypothesis. Sometimes experimental
research can have several hypotheses. A hypothesis is a statement to be proven
or disproved. Once that statement is made experiments are begun to find out
whether the statement is true or not. This type of research is the bedrock of
most sciences, in particular the natural sciences.
Quantitative research can be exciting and highly informative. It can be used to
help explain all sorts of phenomena. The best quantitative research gathers
precise empirical data and can be applied to gain a better understanding of
several fields of study. Now that you’ve compiled your research, it’s time to
start writing. There is no better way to get started then with Udemy’s course
on how to write a great research paper. The world of information is waiting
for you. What will you find?
Descriptive Research
This design is concerned with describing
the nature, characteristics and
components of the population or a
phenomenon
 Evaluation Research
This kind of research aims to assess the effects,
impacts or outcomes of practices, policies or
programs.
Assessing the implementation of nursing care in
hospital and determining the impact of a new
treatment procedure for patients are example of
this.
 A variable is any entity that can take on different values. OK, so
what does that mean? Anything that can vary can be
considered a variable. For instance, age can be considered a
variable because age can take different values for different
people or for the same person at different times.
Similarly, country can be considered a variable because a
person's country can be assigned a value. Because quantitative
research is rooted in the scientific method, specific
terminology for that process must be used.
Here are some other examples of dependent and independent variables in
scientific experiments:
A scientist studies the impact of a drug on cancer. The independent

variables are the administration of the drug - the dosage and the timing.
The dependent variable is the impact the drug has on cancer.
A scientist studies the impact of withholding affection on rats. The
independent variable is the amount of affection. The dependent variable is
the reaction of the rats.
A scientist studies how many days people can eat soup until they get sick.
The independent variable is the number of days of consuming soup. The
dependent variable is the onset of illness.
 Example of Variables in Mathematics
In mathematics, the "x" and "y" values in an equation or a
graph are referred to as "variables."
If an equation shows a relationship between x and y in which
the value of y is dependent upon the value of x, y is known
as the dependent variable and is sometimes referred to as
‘function(x)’ or f(x).
The final solution of the equation, y, depends on the value of
x, the independent variable which can be changed.
 Example of Variables in Scientific Experiments
If a scientist conducts an experiment to test the theory that
a vitamin could extend a person’s life-expectancy, then:
The independent variable is the amount of vitamin that is
given to the subjects within the experiment. This is
controlled by the experimenting scientist.
The dependent variable, or the variable being affected by the
independent variable, is life span.
 Variables are defined in the following ways:
• An independent variable is manipulated in a study by you, nature, society,
etc. It can be any aspect of the environment that is investigated for the
purpose of examining its influence on the dependent variable.
• A dependent variable is measured in a study. This variable is not manipulated
by the researcher, but is affected by the independent variable.
• An experimental or treatment group is the group that receives the influence of
the independent variable, and differs from the control group in the
dependent variable.
 Constant
Experimental constants are values that do
not change either during or between
experiments. Many natural forces and
properties, such as the speed of light and
the atomic weight of gold are
experimental constants.
 Control
A controlled variable is a variable that could change, but that
the experimenter intentionally keeps constant in order to more
clearly isolate the relationship between the independent variable
and the dependent variable. For example, an experiment
examining the relationship between how much sunlight plants
receive (independent variable) and how tall they grow
(dependent variable) should make sure none of the other
factors change.
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 Types of Variables
A variable that can take infinite number on
the value that can occur within a
population is known as continuous variable.
Its value can be divided into fractions.
Example of this type of variable include
age, height and temperature.
 Discrete Variable
It is also known as categorical or
classificatory variable is any variable that has
limited number which cannot be divide into
fractions like gender, blood group and
number of children in the family.
Continous Variable can be categorized:

Interval or Ratio Variable

 Interval Variable is a measurement where
the difference between two values does have
meaning.
 Ratio Variable possesses the properties of
interval variable and has a clear definition
of zero, indication that there is none of that
variable.
Discrete variable can be further categorized
as nominal and ordinal
 Nominal Variable is a variable with no
quantitative value. It has two or more
categories but does not imply ordering of
case. Common examples of this variable
include eye color, business type and religion
Ordinal Variable is a variable that has two
or more categories which can be ranked.
For example, you used educational
attainment as a variable on a survey
 Strength of Quantitative Research
1. It is objective. Since it provides numerical data, it can’t be easily
misinterpreted.
2. The use of statistical techniques facilitates sophisticated analyses and allows
you to comprehend a huge amount of vital characteristics of data.
3. The numerical data can be analyzed in a quick and easy way. By employing
statistically valid random models, findings can be generalized to the
population about which information is necessary.
4. Quantitative studies are replicable. Standardized approaches allow the study
to be replicable in different areas or over time with the formulation or
comparable findings.
 Weaknesses of Quantitative Research
1. Quantitative Research requires a large number of respondents. It
is assumed that the larger the sample is, the more statistically
accurate the findings are.
2. It is costly. Since, there are more respondents compared to
qualitative research, the expenses will be greater in reaching out to
these people and in reproducing the questionnaires.
3. The information contextual factors to help interpret the results or
to explain variations are usually ignored. It does not consider the
distinct capacity of the respondents to share and elaborate further
information unlike the qualitative research.
4. Many information are difficult to gather using
structured research instruments, specifically on
sensitive issues like pre- marital sex, domestic
violence, among others.
5.If not done seriously and correctly, data from
questionnaires may be incomplete and inaccurate.
Researchers must be on the look-out on respondents
who are just guessing in answering the instrument.