Oracle SQL

Programming in Oracle
with PL/SQL

Procedural Language Extension SQL

to

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 PL/SQL

Allows using general programming tools with SQL,

for example: loops, conditions, functions, etc.

This allows a lot more freedom than general SQL,

and is lighter-weight than JDBC.

We write PL/SQL code in a regular file, for example

PL/SQL, and load it with @PL in the sqlplus console.

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 PL/SQL Blocks
PL/SQL code is built of Blocks, with a unique
structure.

There are two types of blocks in PL/SQL:

1. Anonymous Blocks: have no name (like scripts)
can be written and executed immediately in SQLPLUS
can be used in a trigger

2. Named Blocks:
Procedures
Functions

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 Anonymous Block Structure:
DECLARE (optional)
/* Here you declare the variables you will use in this block */

BEGIN (mandatory)
/* Here you define the executable statements (what the block DOES!)*/

EXCEPTION (optional)
/* Here you define the actions that take place if an exception is thrown during
the run of this block */

END; (mandatory)

/
Always put a new line with only a / at the end A correct completion of a block will generate
of a block! (This tells Oracle to run the block) the following message:
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed
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 DECLARE

Syntax
identifier [CONSTANT] datatype [NOT NULL]
[:= | DEFAULT expr];

Notice that PL/SQL

Examples includes all SQL types,
and more…
Declare
birthday DATE;
age NUMBER(2) NOT NULL := 27;
name VARCHAR2(13) := 'Levi';
magic CONSTANT NUMBER := 77;
valid BOOLEAN NOT NULL := TRUE;

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 Declaring Variables with the
%TYPE Attribute

Accessing column’s name in

Examples table Sailors
DECLARE
sname Sailors.sname%TYPE;
fav_boat VARCHAR2(30);
my_fav_boat fav_boat%TYPE := 'Pinta';
...
Accessing another variable

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 Declaring Variables with the
%ROWTYPE Attribute
Declare a variable with the type of a
ROW of a table. Accessing
table Reserves

reserves_record Reserves%ROWTYPE;

And how do we access the fields in

reserves_record?
reserves_record.sid :=9;
Reserves_record.bid :=877;
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 Creating a PL/SQL Record
A record is a type of variable which we can define (like
‘struct’ in C or ‘object’ in Java)
DECLARE
TYPE sailor_record_type IS RECORD
(sname VARCHAR2(10),
sid VARCHAR2(9),
age NUMBER(3),
rating NUMBER(3));
sailor_record sailor_record_type;
...
BEGIN
Sailor_record.sname:=‘peter’;
Sailor_record.age:=45;
…
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 Creating a Cursor
We create a Cursor when we want to go over a
result of a query (like ResultSet in JDBC)

Syntax Example:
sailorData is a
DECLARE variable that can
hold a ROW from

cursor c is select * from sailors; the sailors table

sailorData sailors%ROWTYPE;

BEGIN Here the first row

of sailors is

open c; inserted into

sailorData

fetch c into sailorData;

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 Example
RAD_VALS DECLARE
Pi constant NUMBER(8,7) := 3.1415926;
radius area NUMBER(14,2);
cursor rad_cursor is select * from RAD_VALS;
3
Rad_cursor rad_value rad_cursor%ROWTYPE;

f BEGIN
e 6 open rad_cursor;
fetch rad_cursor into rad_val;
t
c 8 area:=pi*power(rad_val.radius,2);
insert into AREAS values (rad_val.radius, area);
h close rad_cursor;
END;
Rad_val /

AREAS
Radius Area
3 28.27
DECLARE DECLARE
… …
cursor rad_cursor is select * from RAD_VALS; cursor rad_cursor is select * from RAD_VALS;
rad_value rad_cursor%ROWTYPE; rad_value RAD_VALS.radius%TYPE;
BEGIN BEGIN
open rad_cursor; open rad_cursor;
fetch rad_cursor into rad_val; fetch rad_cursor into rad_val;
area:=pi*power(rad_val.radius,2); area:=pi*power(rad_val,2);
insert into AREAS values (rad_val.radius, insert into AREAS values (rad_val, area);
area); …
…

DECLARE DECLARE
… …
cursor rad_cursor is select * from RAD_VALS; cursor rad_cursor is select radius from
rad_value RAD_VALS%ROWTYPE; RAD_VALS;
BEGIN rad_value RAD_VALS.radius%TYPE;
open rad_cursor; BEGIN
fetch rad_cursor into rad_val; open rad_cursor;
area:=pi*power(rad_val.radius,2); fetch rad_cursor into rad_val;
insert into AREAS values (rad_val.radius, area:=pi*power(rad_val,2);
area); insert into AREAS values (rad_val, area);
… …
 Explicit Cursor Attributes

Obtain status information about a

cursor
Attribute Type Description
%ISOPEN Boolean Evaluates to TRUE if the cursor
is open.
%NOTFOUND Boolean Evaluates to TRUE if the most
recent fetch does not return a row.
%FOUND Boolean Evaluates to TRUE if the most
recent fetch returns a row;
complement of %NOTFOUND
%ROWCOUNT Number Evaluates to the total number of
rows returned so far
 SELECT Statements
DECLARE
v_sname VARCHAR2(10);
v_rating NUMBER(3);
BEGIN
SELECT sname, rating
INTO v_sname, v_rating
FROM Sailors
WHERE sid = '112';
END;
/

INTO clause is required.

Query must return exactly one row.
Otherwise, a NO_DATA_FOUND or
TOO_MANY_ROWS exception is thrown
 Conditional logic
Condition: Nested conditions:

If <cond> If <cond>
then <command> then
elsif <cond2> if <cond2>
then <command2> then
else <command1>
<command3> end if;
end if; else <command2>
end if;
 IF-THEN-ELSIF Statements

...
IF rating > 7 THEN
v_message := 'You are great';
ELSIF rating >= 5 THEN
v_message := 'Not bad';
ELSE
v_message := 'Pretty bad';
END IF;
...