TWI CSWIP Visual Inspection of Weld

TWI
CSWIP
VISUAL INSPECTION OF WELDS
Copyright © 2004, TWI Ltd World Centre for Materials Joining Technology
Terminology
Butt Joints
Square Edged
Closed Open
Single Sided Butt

Vee Bevel
Double Sided Butt

Vee Bevel
Terminology
Fillet Joints
Tee Lap
Corner
Terminology
Included Angle
60-700
0-2 mm
2-4 mm
Root Gap Root Face
Terminology
Butt Weld Features 10
8
7 9
1 2
4
5
3
Terminology
Fillet Weld Features
10
9
4
7
2
5
3 8
1
6
Joint Design
Butt Weld
Lap Joint
Corner
Joint
Tee Joint
Edge Weld
Zones in Fusion Welds
• Parent Material or Base Metal

• Heat Affected Zone
• Fusion Zone
Visual Inspection Procedures
Important things to consider
When do I carry out inspections?
• How do I carry out inspections?
• What do I look for?
• What equipment do I need?
• How do I interpret the code or standard
requirements?
• What is the nature of the product?
• What operating conditions will be present?
• What is the quality of welding required?
• Is there a code or standard available to
inspect the welds against
Welding Checklist
Before Welding Commences
• Documentation
• Materials
• Weld preparations
• Fit up for welding
• Welding equipment
Welding Checklist
During Welding
• Correct parameters
• WPS at the work place
• Inter run cleanliness and quality
• Interpass temperature
• Consumable control
• Maintenance of preheat
• Process control NDE regime
• Weld records and maintenance of weld maps
Welding Checklist
Welding Completion
• Visual inspection and records
• NDE
• PWHT
• Final testing
• Cleaning, painting, preservation, packing
• Final documentation
Features to Consider
Butt welds - Size
Weld cap width

Excess weld
metal height
Root
penetration
Root bead width
Fillet welds - Size
Excess Actual throat
weld thickness
metal
Minimum and Design throat

maximum leg thickness
length size
Importance of Fillet weld leg length Size
(a) (b)
4mm 8mm
6mm 4mm
What size is the Throat thickness of (a)

What size is the Throat thickness of (b)
Importance of Fillet weld leg length Size
(a) (b)
4mm 6mm
4mm 6mm
How much bigger is (a) in volume than (b)
(a) (b)
4mm 6mm
4mm 6mm
(a) volume = (b) volume =

4 x 4 = 8mm2 6 x 6 = 18mm2
2 2
The volume of (b) is over double the volume of (a)

Without the extra reinforcement being added
Fillet welds - Size & Shape
Convex
Mitre
Concave
Fillet welds - Toe Blend
EFFECTIVE THROAT THICKNESS
“a” = Nominal throat thickness “s” = Effective throat thickness
a s
Deep throat fillet welds from FCAW & SAW etc

Butt welds - Profile
x
x x
Butt welds - Toe Blend
x
x x
Butt welds - Weld Width
A Weld : Definitions
BS 499 NASA
• A union between • A continuous defect
pieces of metal at surrounded by
faces rendered parent material
plastic or liquid by
heat,pressure or
both.
Welds
An ideal weld must give a strong bond
between materials with the interfaces
disappearing
To achieve this
• Smooth,flat or matching surfaces
• Surfaces shall be free from contaminants
• Metals shall be free from impurities
• Metals shall have identical crystalline structures
Electric Arc Welding
Electrode
Power
supply
Work piece
Clamp(Earth)
Electric Arc Welding
• Electric discharge produced between cathode
and anode by a potential difference (40 to 60
volts)
• Discharge ionises air and produces -ve

electrons and +ve ions
• Electrons impact upon anode, ions upon

cathode
• Impact of particles converts kinetic energy to

heat (7000o C) and light
• Amperage controls number of ions and

electrons, Voltage controls their velocity
Manual Metal Arc Welding
• Shielding provided by Welder controls

decomposition of flux • Arc length
covering • Angle of electrode
• Electrode consumable • Speed of travel
• Manual process • Amperage settings
POWER SOURCE
POWER Input 240v (single phase) or
SOURCE:- 415v ( 2 live phases of 3 phase supply)
Output AC (O.C.V. 80v) or DC (O.C.V. 50v) or both.

AC for Shop
DC for site work as it is SAFER (lower OCV). Also for

shop work..
Current adjustment control
TYPES:- Transformers – AC only

Transformer/Rectifiers – AC and DC
Petrol or Diesel driven Generators – Site work – DC
Inverters – AC and DC
Power control
panel Power source.
Transformer/
Rectifier
Electrode oven
Heated quiver
Electrodes
Inverter
Power return power source
cable
Electrode
holder
Safety visor
(With dark lens) Power cable
*
Manual Metal Arc (MMA)
Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG)
Power Transformer/
control Rectifier
panel
Power return Inverter
cable power source
Torch Power
assemblies control panel
Power cable
Tungsten
electrodes
Flow-meter
POWER SOURCE
POWER SOURCE Transformers for AC – aluminium alloys

440v 50Hz 3 phase or Rectifiers for DC - steels
240v single phase Transformer/rectifier for AC/DC
input Inverters for AC/DC – more portable - expensive
TORCH Sizes/types vary depending on current/application
TORCH HOSE Flexible – may carry current, gas, cooling water.
RETURN LEAD Note that current actually flows from this lead
INERT GAS SUPPLY Correct type for application.(ar, he, ar/he mixture)
(Cylinder & regulator) Argon/hydrogen for austenitic stainless steel
FLOWMETER To deliver correct gas flow (velocity) depending on
(graduated in ltr/min) welding position and joint configuration.
GAS
TORCH WELDING LEAD + SUPPLY
METERS
GAS SUPPLY (OPTIONAL)
VARIABLE
NORMALLY CURRENT I
ARC DC-VE CONTROLLER N
E
THE POWER I V R
SOURCE T
_ G
OUTPUT AC/DC
80 OCV A
MAX + CONSTANT S
CURRENT
RETURN ARC
EARTH* LEAD STRIKING
*CHECK WITH HSE GUIDANCE NOTE DEVICE
Tungsten Tungsten
housing electrodes
Fitted ceramic Ceramic

shielding cup shield cup
On/Off switch
Gas lens
Split collet
Gas diffuser
Spare ceramic Torch body

shielding cup *
Metal Inert Gas (MIG)
External wire Transformer/
feed unit Rectifier
Internal wire
feed system Power cable &
hose assembly
Power control
panel
Liner for wire
15kg wire spool
Power return Welding gun

cable* assembly
Metal Inert Gas (MIG)
Submerged Arc
Welding Defects
Cracks
Classified by Shape Classified by Position
• Longitudinal •HAZ
• Transverse •Centreline
•Crater
• Branched •Fusion zone
• Chevron •Parent metal
Welding Defects
Cracks
4 Crack Types
• Solidification cracks
• Hydrogen induced cracks
• Lamellar tearing
• Reheat cracks
Welding Defects
Cracks
Solidification
• Occurs during weld solidification process
• Steels with high sulphur content (low ductility at
elevated temperature)
• Requires high tensile stress
• Occur longitudinally down centre of weld
• e.g. Crater cracking
Welding Defects
Solidification Cracking
Welding Defects
Deeper and narrow weld

beads are prone to
solidification cracking
(depth to width ratio
over 2:1)
In order to avoid
solidification cracking,
reduce penetration and
increase bead width
(depth to width ratio
0,5:1)
Welding Defects
Cracks
Hydrogen Induced
• Requires susceptible grain structure, stress and
hydrogen
• Hydrogen enters via welding arc
• Hydrogen source - atmosphere or contamination of
preparation or electrode
• Moisture diffuses out into parent metal on cooling
• Most likely in HAZ
Welding Defects
Hydrogen Cracking
Welding Defects
Hydrogen Cracking
Welding Defects
Cracks
Lamellar Tearing
• Step like appearance
• Occurs in parent material or HAZ
• Only in rolled direction of the parent material
• Associated with restrained joints subjected to
through thickness stresses on corners, tees and
fillets
• Requires high sulphur or non-metallic inclusions
Welding Defects
Lamellar Tearing
Welding Defects
Lamellar Tearing
Restraint
High
contractional
stress
Lamellar tear
Welding Defects
Lamellar Tearing
Grind and infill with
ductile weld metal Re-design weld
Control
restraint
For critical work a forged

“T” piece may be used
Forged “T” Piece
Welding Defects
Cracks
Re-Heat Cracking
• Occurs mainly in HAZ of low alloy steels during
post weld heat treatment or service at elevated
temperatures
• Occurs in areas of high stress and existing defects
• Prevented by toe grinding, elimination of poor
profile material selection and controlled post weld
heat treatment
Welding Defects
Incomplete root penetration
Causes
• Too small a root gap
• Arc too long
• Wrong polarity
• Electrode too large for joint
preparation
• Incorrect electrode angle
• Too fast a speed of travel for
current
Welding Defects
a) Excessively thick root face
b) Too small a root gap
c) Misplaced welds
d) Power input too low
e) Arc (heat) input too low
Welding Defects
Too large diameter
electrode
Smaller (correct)
diameter electrode
Lack of sidewall
fusion due to arc
deflection
Welding Defects
Incomplete root Fusion
Causes
• Too small a root gap
• Arc too long
• Wrong polarity
• Electrode too large for
joint preparation
• Too fast a speed of travel
for current
Welding Defects
Root concavity
Causes
• Root gap too large
• Insufficient arc energy
• Excessive back purge TIG
Welding Defects
Excess Root Penetration
Causes
• Excessive amperage during
welding of root
• Excessive root gap
• Poor fit up
• Excessive root grinding
• Improper welding
technique
Welding Defects
Root undercut
Causes
• Root gap too large
• Excessive arc energy
• Small or no root face
Welding Defects
Cap Undercut
Causes
• Excessive welding current
• Welding speed too high
• Excessive weave
• Electrode too large
Welding Defects
Overlap
Excess weld
metal
Welding Defects
Lack of fusion
Causes
• Contaminated weld preparation
• Amperage too low
• Amperage too high (welder increases speed of
travel)
Welding Defects
Incompletely Filled Groove
& Lack of Side wall Fusion
• Causes
• Insufficient weld metal deposited
• Improper welding technique
Welding Defects
Inter run Incompletely Filled Groove
Causes
• Insufficient weld metal deposited
Welding Defects
Gas pores / Porosity
Causes
• Excessive moisture in flux or preparation
• Contaminated preparation
• Low welding current
• Arc length too long
• Damaged electrode flux
• Removal of gas shield
Welding Defects
Gas pores / Porosity
Welding Defects
Inclusions - Slag
Causes
• Insufficient cleaning between passes
• Welding over irregular profile
• Incorrect welding speed
Welding Defects
Inclusions - Slag
Causes
• Insufficient cleaning between passes
• Welding over irregular profile
• Incorrect welding speed
Welding Defects
Poor (convex) weld bead

profile resulted in pockets
of slag being trapped
between the weld runs
Smooth weld bead

profile allows the slag
to be readily removed
between runs
Welding Defects
Inclusions - Tungsten
Causes
• Contamination of weld Caused by tungsten touching
weld metal or parent metal during welding using the
TIG welding process
Welding Defects
Burn Through
Causes
• Excessive amperage during welding of root
• Excessive root grinding
Welding Defects
Spatter
Causes
• Excessive arc energy
• Excessive arc length
• Damp electrodes
• Arc blow
Welding Defects
Arc Strikes
Causes
• Electrode straying onto

parent metal
• Electrode holder with

poor insulation
• Poor contact of earth

clamp
Welding Defects
Mechanical Damage
Chisel
Chisel Marks
Marks Pitting Corrosion Grinding Marks
Welding Defects
Non-alignment of
two abutting edges
Page 1 of 3 EXAMPLE PLATE REPORT
Name: [Block capitals] Mr. I C Plenty Signature: I C Plenty Test piece ident: 001
Code/Specification used: TWI 09-09-03 Welding process: MMA/SMAW Joint type: Single V Butt
Welding position: Flat /PA Length & thickness of plate: 300mm x 10 mm Date 22/08/2003
MEASURE
WELD FACE
A B C
Lack of
sidewall fusion Gas pore Undercut smooth
1.5 Ø 1.5 max
FROM
87 236
22 230
30
THIS
51 8 153 40
Arc Strike
Slag
Centreline 241
inclusion
DATUM
crack
NOTES: Cap height : 4mm.
Weld width: 12-14mm
Toe blend: Poor
Misalignment: 2mm
EDGE
Angular Distortion 3mm in 50mm

Spatter along weld length or scale on the plate surface
Page 2 of 3
MEASURE EXAMPLE PLATE REPORT
WELD ROOT
A B C
Root concavity
2 deep LACK OF ROOT
FUSION
FROM
23 247
10 20
THIS
128 50
Incomplete root
penetration
DATUM
NOTES: Penetration height : 4mm.

Linear Misalignment: 2mm
Angular Distortion: 3mm in 50mm
Any scale on plate surface
EDGE
EXAMPLE WELD INSPECTION REPORT/SENTENCE SHEET
PRINT FULL NAME I C Plenty

SPECIMEN NUMBER 001
EXTERNAL DEFECTS Defects Noted Code or Specification Reference
Defect Type Pipe/Plate Accumulative Maximum Section/ Accept/Reject

Section Total Allowance Table No 5
1 2 3 4
Excess weld metal height AC 4mm 3mm 15 Reject
Excess weld metal appearance A-C Poor blend Smooth 19 Reject
Incomplete filling A-C 22mm None 8 Reject
Inadequate weld width A-C NONE ------------ ---------- Accept
Slag Inclusions A-C 1x 8mm long 2mm 3 Reject
Undercut A-C 1.5mm depth 1mm 11 Reject
Surface Porosity A-C 1.5mm  1mm 2 Reject
Cracks/Crack-like defects A-C 40mm NONE 1 Reject*
Lack of fusion A-C 22mm NONE 5 Reject
Arc strikes A-C 30x25 ------------ 12 Seek advise***
Mechanical damage A-C NONE ------------ ---------- Accept
Laps/Laminations A-C NONE ------------ ---------- Accept
Misalignment (Linear) A-C 2mm 2mm 9 Accept
Longitudinal seams A-C NONE ------------ ---------- Accept
Root Defects
Misalignment A-C 2mm 2mm 9 Accept
Excessive Root Penetration A-C 4mm 2mm 16 Reject
Incomplete Root Penetration A-C 50mm NONE 6 Reject
Lack of Root Fusion A-C 20mm NONE 5 Reject
Root Concavity A-C 2mm depth 1mm 20 Reject
Root Undercut A-C NONE ------------ ---------- Accept
Cracks/Crack-like defects A-C NONE ------------ ---------- Accept
Slag inclusions A-C NONE ------------ ---------- Accept
Porosity A-C NONE ------------ ---------- Accept
Laps/Laminations A-C NONE ------------ ---------- Accept
This *pipe/plate has been examined to the requirements of code/specification TWI 09-09-03
.........................................
and is accepted/rejected accordingly.
Comments:
* Request MPI testing to confirm crack and length.
** Large amount of spatter on weld face. Recommend this is removed and re inspected.
*** Recommend arc strikes are ground flush prior to MPI testing for crack detection.
I C Plenty
Signature.........................................................
22nd August 2003
Date................................................. ....................................
*Delete which is not applicable. Use the other side for any comments.
Inspection Practice Specification
Number TWI 09-09-03
All dimensions are given in mm
No Imperfection Comments Allowance
1 Cracks Confirm with penetrant testing Not permitted
2 Porosity Individual pore Ø Maximum 1mm

3 Solid Inclusions Non metallic. Individual size Maximum 1mm
4 Solid Inclusions Metallic. Individual size Not permitted
5 Lack of Fusion Side wall/Root/Inter-run Not permitted
6 Incomplete Root Penetration Not permitted
7 Overlap/Cold lap Weld face/Root Not permitted
8 Incompletely filled groove Not permitted
9 Linear Misalignment 0.2t Maximum 4mm
10 Angular Misalignment Maximum 10º
11 Undercut Smoothly blended 10%t Maximum d 1mm
12 Arc Strikes Area to be tested by MPI Seek advice
13 Laminations Not permitted
14 Mechanical Damage Not permitted
15 Cap Height Shall fall below plate surface 0 –3mm h Maximum
16 Penetration Bead 0 –2mm h Maximum
17 Toe Blend Smooth
18 Spatter Clean & Re-inspect Refer to manufacturer
19 Weld Appearance All runs shall blend smoothly Regular
20 Root concavity 10%t Maximum
TWI CAMBRIDGE MULTI-PURPOSE
WELDING GAUGE:
Visual Inspection of Welds Using the
Cambridge
Multi-Purpose Welding Gauge:
WELDING GAUGE:
Angle of preparation:
This scale reads from 00 to 600 in steps of 50.

The angle is read against the chamfered edge of
the plate or pipe.
WELDING GAUGE:
Linear Misalignment:
The gauge may be used to measure misalignment
of members by placing the edge of the gauge on
the lower member and rotating the segment until
the pointed finger contacts the higher member.
WELDING GAUGE:
Excess Weld Metal/Root penetration:
The scale is used to measure excess weld metal or
root penetration, by placing the edge of the gauge
on the plate and rotating the segment until the
pointed finger contacts the excess weld metal or
root bead at its highest point.
WELDING GAUGE:
Undercut / mechanical damage (grinding etc)
The gauge may be used to measure the depth of
undercut by placing the edge of the gauge on the
plate and rotating the segment until the pointed
finger contacts the lowest depth of the undercut.
The reading is taken on the scale to the left of
the zero mark in mm or inches.
WELDING GAUGE:
Fillet Weld Actual Throat Thickness:
The small sliding pointer reads up to 20mm, or ¾
inch. When checking the throat you measure the
actual throat thickness also note! that there is a
‘nominal’ design throat thickness,
WELDING GAUGE:
Fillet Weld Leg Length:
The gauge may be used to measure fillet weld
leg lengths of up to 25mm, as shown on left.
TWI
CSWIP 3.0
INSPECTION OF
FILLET WELDS
Fillet Weld Inspection
CSWIP 3.0 Fillet Welded T Joint
F 123
Part of the CSWIP 3.0 examination is to inspect &

assess a Fillet welded Tee for it’s size & visual
acceptance to the applicable code.
1. The plate reference number must be
recorded in the top left hand corner of
the report sheet, then the thickness of
the plate must be measured and
entered in the top right hand corner of
the report sheet in the boxes provided.
Specimen Number F123 Material thickness: 6mm
2) Both the Vertical and Horizontal fillet weld leg lengths
must be measured to find the minimum and maximum
size’s. These values are entered in the boxes provided
on the report sheet.
Use the gauge as shown below:
Fillet Weld Leg Length:

The gauge may be used to
measure fillet weld leg
lengths up to a maximum of
25mm, as shown on left.
3) The minimum and maximum throat thickness are
measured and entered in the boxes provided on the
report sheet.
These values are measured as shown below:
Fillet Weld Throat Thickness:

The small sliding pointer reads up
to 20mm, or ¾ inch.
When measuring the throat it is
supposed that the fillet weld has a
nominal throat thickness, as an
effective throat thickness cannot
be measured in this manner.
Having made all the above measurements they can be
assessed to a set of values that may be simply calculated
from the plate thickness.
a) The minimum leg length size is the plate thickness
b) The maximum leg length size is:

The plate thickness + 3mm
c) The minimum throat thickness is:

The plate thickness x 0.7
d) The maximum throat thickness is:

The plate thickness + 0.5mm
For example if the plate
thickness is 6mm then the F 123
6mm
following will apply:
a) The minimum leg length size is 6mm (Plate thickness)
b) The maximum leg length size is 9mm

(Plate thickness + 3mm)
c) The minimum throat thickness is 4.2mm

(Plate thickness x 0.7)
d) The maximum throat thickness is 6.5mm

(Plate thickness + 0.5mm
This means that the measurements taken must fall inside
BOTH the tolerances calculated i.e.
Leg lengths must be between 6mm – 9mm
Throat thickness must be between 4.2 and 6.5mm
If all the values are within these tolerances they are

acceptable. If any of the values fall outside of the
calculated tolerances then it becomes unacceptable.
It is important to remember that any change in thickness

will change the acceptance values calculated above.
Vertical Leg Length
Lowest leg measurement 7mm
Highest leg measurement 8mm
Actual Throat Thickness

Lowest throat measurement 4.5mm
Highest throat measurement 8mm
Horizontal Leg Length

Lowest leg measurement 5mm
Highest leg measurement 10mm
Practical Exam Report Sheet
Specimen Number F123 Material thickness: 6mm
1) Measure and record the following details:
VERTICAL LEG LENGTH (Max & Min) = Max 8mm Min 7mm
HORIZONTAL LEG LENGTH (Max & Min) = Max 10mm Min 5mm
DESIGN THROAT THICKNESS (Max & Min) = Max 8mm Min 4.5mm
2) Sentence the fillet weld dimensions using the following design criteria:
MINIMUM LEG LENGTH: Material thickness (6mm)

MAXIMUM LEG LENGTH: Material thickness + 3mm (9 mm)
MINIMUM THROAT THICKNESS: Material thickness x 0.7 (4.2 mm)

MAXIMUM THROAT THICKNESS: Material thickness + 0.5mm (6.5 mm)
The VERTICAL LEG LENGTH

Please state: ACCEPT ACCEPT or REJECT?
The HORIZONTAL LEG LENGTH

Please state: REJECT ACCEPT or REJECT?
The THROAT THICKNESS

Please state: REJECT ACCEPT or REJECT?
Having assessed the weld for its size an inspection can then be
made on the surface to locate any imperfections. Firstly; the
report sheet requests the inspector to indicate the number of
locations that the following imperfections occur, if any?
3) The number of places that they occur should now be entered

in the box as follows:
UNDERCUT APPEAR? 3 places

OVERLAP APPEAR? None
LACK OF FUSION APPEAR? None
CRACKS APPEAR? None
POROSITY APPEAR? 2 Areas
SOLID INCULSIONS? 1 Slag Inclusion
MISC: [ARC STRIKES etc] Spatter
4) For the defects recorded state:
MAXIMUM length (and DEPTH if applicable) of each defect
UNDERCUT: Length: 15 mm Depth: Smooth 1.0mm
OVERLAP: Length: -------- Depth: ---------
LACK OF FUSION: Length: -------- Depth: ---------
CRACKS: Length: -------- Depth: ---------
POROSITY: Length: 6mm Depth: Maximum Ø
SOLID INCLUSIONS: Length: 4mm Depth: ---------
MISC:[ ARC STRIKES] Length: Spatter Depth: ---------
5) Then, assess the levels of imperfections allowed by the
applicable code which is provided:
UNDERCUT: ACCEPT (Accept or Reject?)

OVERLAP: ACCEPT (Accept or Reject?)
LACK OF FUSION: ACCEPT (Accept or Reject?)
CRACKS: ACCEPT (Accept or Reject?)
POROSITY: REJECT (Accept or Reject?)
SOLID INCLUSION: REJECT (Accept or Reject?)
MISC: [ARC STRIKES] REJECT* (Accept or Reject?)
* All spatters should have been removed prior to submission for

inspection
6) Finally accept or reject the weld used for your visual
inspection as follows:
IS THE WELD ACCEPTABLE? NO YES/NO?
Signature: I C Plenty
Name: I C Plenty
Date: 01-01-04
This now completes the Fillet Welded T Joint Inspection

Assessment.

TWI CSWIP Visual Inspection of Weld

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What are the different types of weld joints discussed?

What are the different types of weld joints discussed?

What are the different zones in a fusion weld?

What are the different zones in a fusion weld?

TWI

VISUAL INSPECTION OF WELDS

Single Sided Butt

Double Sided Butt

Root Gap Root Face

• Parent Material or Base Metal

Weld cap width

Root bead width

Minimum and Design throat

What size is the Throat thickness of (a)

How much bigger is (a) in volume than (b)

(a) volume = (b) volume =

The volume of (b) is over double the volume of (a)

Deep throat fillet welds from FCAW & SAW etc

• Discharge ionises air and produces -ve

• Electrons impact upon anode, ions upon

• Impact of particles converts kinetic energy to

• Amperage controls number of ions and

• Shielding provided by Welder controls

Output AC (O.C.V. 80v) or DC (O.C.V. 50v) or both.

DC for site work as it is SAFER (lower OCV). Also for

Current adjustment control

TYPES:- Transformers – AC only

POWER SOURCE Transformers for AC – aluminium alloys

TORCH Sizes/types vary depending on current/application

TORCH HOSE Flexible – may carry current, gas, cooling water.

Fitted ceramic Ceramic

Spare ceramic Torch body

Power return Welding gun

Deeper and narrow weld

For critical work a forged

b) Too small a root gap

d) Power input too low

e) Arc (heat) input too low

Poor (convex) weld bead

Smooth weld bead

• Electrode straying onto

• Electrode holder with

• Poor contact of earth

Angular Distortion 3mm in 50mm

NOTES: Penetration height : 4mm.

PRINT FULL NAME I C Plenty

Defect Type Pipe/Plate Accumulative Maximum Section/ Accept/Reject

Inadequate weld width A-C NONE ------------ ---------- Accept

Slag Inclusions A-C 1x 8mm long 2mm 3 Reject

Undercut A-C 1.5mm depth 1mm 11 Reject

Surface Porosity A-C 1.5mm  1mm 2 Reject

Cracks/Crack-like defects A-C 40mm NONE 1 Reject*

Lack of fusion A-C 22mm NONE 5 Reject

Arc strikes A-C 30x25 ------------ 12 Seek advise***

Mechanical damage A-C NONE ------------ ---------- Accept

Laps/Laminations A-C NONE ------------ ---------- Accept

Misalignment (Linear) A-C 2mm 2mm 9 Accept

Longitudinal seams A-C NONE ------------ ---------- Accept

Misalignment A-C 2mm 2mm 9 Accept