Geometrical Similarity

Kinematic Similarity

Advance Coefficient
Kinetic (Dynamic) Similarity
Inertia F. to gravity F. Inertia F. to viscous F. Pressure F. to Inertia F.
Froude Number Reynolds Number Pressure Coefficient
Euler Number
Reynolds Number of Propeller
Dimensional Analysis result in Open Water Characteristics
Laws of Similarity in Practice

Can we do this ??
Reynolds Number Equality

Equality of Advance Coefficients

Reynolds Number & Advance Coefficient & Thrust Coefficient
are Equal
Froude Number Equality
Froude Number & Advance Coefficient & Thrust Coefficient are
Equal
Very important !!!!!!!!!!
Open Water Characteristics
Value of J @ Kt=0.0 condition
Methodical Propeller Series – Standard Series

Gawn Series
Gawn Series
B / Wageningen / Marin / Troost / NSMB-B Series
Propeller Series – Wageningen B
• Blades : 2-7
Pitch Ratio : 0.60~1.40 (Four bladed propeller has no constant pitch
distribution)
Area Ratio : 0.30~1.05 Frame 001  28 Sep 2007 
Z

Skew Angles : 0o> X

Y

Section Type : Original 0.15

0.1

Remark : Most widely used 0.05

Z
0

propeller series. -0.05

Suitable for most application. -0.1

-0.15
0

-0.1 0.05
-0.05

X
0
Y
0.05 0.1

0.1
0.15
Propeller Series – Au Series
• Blades : 4-7
Pitch Ratio : 0.50~1.20
Area Ratio : 0.70~0.758
Skew Angles : 0o>
Section Type : AU type
Remark : Complemantary series of Wageningen B Series
Propeller Series – Gawn Series
• Blades : 3 Frame 001  28 Sep 2007 
Z

• Pitch Ratio : 0.40~2.00 Y

X

• Area Ratio : 0.20~1.100 0.15

• Skew Angles : 0o>

0.1

0.05

Z
• Section Type : Circular
0

-0.05

• Remark :
-0.1
0

-0.15
-0.1 0.05

-0.05

X
0
Y 0.1
0.05
0.1
0.15
Propeller Series – Ma Series (Lindgren Series)
• Blades : 3, 5
• Pitch Ratio : 1.00~1.454
• Area Ratio : 0.75~1.20
• Skew Angles : 0o>
• Section Type : Circular
Propeller Series – KCA Series
• Blades : 3,4,5
Pitch Ratio : 0.60~2.00
Area Ratio : 0.20~1.10
Skew Angles : 0o>
Section Type : Ogival
Remark : Most widely use propeller series.
Suitable for most application.
Propeller Series – Skew KCA Series

• Blades : 3,4,5
• Pitch Ratio : 0.60~2.00
• Area Ratio : 0.50~1.10
• Skew Angles : 25o , 30o , 35o
• Section Type : Ogival
• Remark : Modified from
standard KCA series for
smooth application.
• Suitable for most application.
Propeller Series – NR Series

• Blades : 3, 4, 5
Frame 001  28 Sep 2007 
Z

Y
X

• Pitch Ratio : 1.00~2.00 0.15

0.1

• Area Ratio : 0.50~1.00

0.05

Z
0

• Skew Angles : 25o , 30o

-0.05

-0.15 -0.1

-0.1
0
-0.05

0
Y 0.05

• Section Type : Crescent

0.05 X

0.1 0.1

0.15

• Remark : Suitable for higher

speed range in trans-cavitating
application.
Propeller Series – NACA-Series

• Blades : 4,5,6,7
• Pitch Ratio : 0.80~1.60
• Area Ratio : 0.50~1.40
• Skew Angles : According to design
• Section Type : Airfoil
• Remark : Theoretical design propeller series.
Propeller Series – New Foil Series

• Blades : 3,4,5
• Pitch Ration : 0.80~1.60
• Area Ration : 0.50~1.40
• Skew Angles : According to design
• Section Type : New Foil
• Remark : Theoretical design propeller series.
Propeller Series – Ka Series

• Blades : 3, 4, 5
• Pitch Ratio : 0.60~1.60
• Area Ratio : 0.55~0.75
• Skew Angles : 00,Skew available
• Section Type : Airfoil
• Remark : Suitable for
accelerating nozzle
propellers and bow or stern
thrusters.
Propeller Selection
Contents
• Case 1: Optimum rotation rate for a given diameter
• Case 2: Optimum diameter for a given rotation rate
• Case 3: Optimum propeller for given power and rate
• Case 4: Maximum bollard pull
• Case 5: Existing propeller
• Viscous Effects – ITTC Analysis Procedure
Case 1: Optimum Rotation Rate for a Given Diameter

• A common problem for the propeller is the design of a propeller when the
required propeller thrust is known and the propeller diameter is known.
• The advance velocity of a propeller can be estimated from the ship speed and
the wake fraction.
• The unknowns are the required power and especially the rate of rotation.
• The latter is important for the choice of the engine or for the choice of the
gear ratio.
• Suppose that a four-bladed propeller is chosen. In that case the
following data are known:
• The propeller thrust T =1393 kN.
• The propeller diameter D = 7 m.
• The advance velocity Va = 8.65 m/s.
• The density of water ρ = 1025 kg/m3.
• The number of blades Z = 4.
• Estimate the required area ratio to be 0.55. The diagram to be used is
that of the B 4.55 series.
• The thrust and diameter are known but the rotation rate is not.
• This means that the parameters Kt and J cannot be calculated yet.
• However, the parameters KT/J2 can be calculated because it does not
contain the rotation rate:

KT T 1,393,000
   0.3707
J 2
V D 1025  8.65  7
2 2 2 2

• KT/J2 has to be found from variation of the pitch ratio.

• By starting with a pitch ratio of 0.8 the following search is possible

i P/D J Kt 10Kq eta0 Bp delta

---|-------|-------|--------|--------|--------|------------|----------|
31 0.800 0.595 0.1310 0.1951 0.6356 16.9452 170.3291
41 0.900 0.648 0.1557 0.2480 0.6478 15.3963 156.2336
46 0.950 0.674 0.1684 0.2777 0.6503 14.7781 150.2568
51 1.000 0.699 0.1811 0.3095 0.6512 14.2379 144.8587
61 1.100 0.747 0.2071 0.3793 0.6493 13.3371 135.4951
71 1.200 0.793 0.2333 0.4568 0.6448 12.6087 127.6514
---|-------|-------|--------|--------|--------|-----------|-----------|

WAGENINGEN B SERISI
SECILEN PERVANE = 46. PERVANEDIR
P/D=0.950
J= 0.674 Kt= 0.168 10Kq= 0.278 eta= 0.650
Bp= 14.7781 delta= 150.2568
T= 1393.00 kN Va= 8.650 m/s RHO = 1025.0 kg/m3
Z = 4. EAR = 0.550 D = 7.000 m
RPS= 1.834 dev/san RPM= 110.01 TORK=1608.316 kNm Pd=18528.5 kW
• After running the program, the conclusion is that the optimum efficiency can be reached with a pitch
ratio of 0.95.
• The optimum efficiency is 0.650. The advance ratio J is 0.699 and from this the required rotation rate
can be derived:
Va 8.65
n   1.834 RPS 110 RPM
JD 0.674  7
• The required power to propel ship can be derived from the torque coefficient KQ=0.0278. The torque is
found to be

Q  KQ    n2  D5  0.0277 1025 1.8342  75  1608.316 kNm

• The power to be delivered to the propeller is therefore

PD  2  Q  n  2 1608.316 1.834  18528.5 kW

• These data can be used to find a suitable engine

Case 2: Optimum diameter for a given rotation rate

• When the optimum rate of case 1 is chosen the question can be posed if
the diameter of 7 meters was the optimum diameter.
• The optimum diameter can be calculated in a similar way as the
optimum rotation rate, but now the value of KT/J4 can be calculated
because the diameter is absent in the parameter

KT T  n2 1,393,000 1.8342
   0.816
J 4
 V 4
1025  8.654
• The optimum pitch ratio can again be found by iteration:

---|-------|-------|--------|--------|--------|------------|----------|
i P/D J Kt 10Kq eta0 Bp delta
---|-------|-------|--------|--------|--------|------------|----------|
34 0.830 0.631 0.1294 0.2001 0.6497 14.7837 160.4543
35 0.840 0.635 0.1326 0.2060 0.6506 14.7737 159.4914
36 0.850 0.639 0.1358 0.2119 0.6513 14.7657 158.5511
41 0.900 0.657 0.1519 0.2434 0.6524 14.7529 154.1675
51 1.000 0.690 0.1851 0.3148 0.6459 14.8266 146.7318
71 1.200 0.747 0.2535 0.4886 0.6166 15.1745 135.6321
81 1.300 0.771 0.2880 0.5883 0.6007 15.3752 131.3755
91 1.400 0.793 0.3225 0.6936 0.5867 15.5564 127.7158
---|-------|-------|--------|--------|--------|-----------|-----------|

WAGENINGEN B SERISI
SECILEN PERVANE = 35. PERVANEDIR
P/D=0.840
J= 0.635 Kt= 0.133 10Kq= 0.206 eta= 0.651
Bp= 14.7737 delta= 159.4914
T= 1393.00 kN Va= 8.650 m/s RHO = 1025.0 kg/m3
Z = 4. EAR = 0.550 D = 7.431 m
RPS= 1.833 dev/san RPM= 110.00 TORK=1607.891 kNm Pd=18521.6 kW
• The optimum efficiency remains almost the same 0.65, but the pitch
ratio is different.

• The diameter corresponding to the design is found from the advance

ratio J=0.635:

Va 8.65
D   7.431m
n  J 1.833  0.635
• As a result of this optimization at a given rotation rate the diameter
will always increase.
Case 3: Optimum propeller for given power and rate

• It is quite common to start the design from the available engine power.

• In that case the engine will develop a certain power at a given rotation
rate.

• The ship speed is assumed to be known.

• Assume the following data are known for a fast petrol boat:
• Power PD = 440 kW
• Advance velocity Va=14.42 m/sec (28 knots)
• Rotation rate RPM = 720 (12 Hz or RPS)
• Blade number Z=5
• Blade area ratio EAR=0.75.
• The parameter to be used in this case is KQ /J5 since in this parameter the power and
the rotation rate are present and the diameter is eliminated.
• The value of this parameter in the example is
KQ 440,000 12 2
  0.016
J 5
2 1025 14.425

• In the program the optimum pitch ratio is found from an iteration

---|-------|-------|--------|--------|--------|------------|-----------|
i P/D J Kt 10Kq eta0 Bp delta
---|-------|-------|--------|--------|--------|------------|-----------|
51 1.000 0.965 0.0506 0.1322 0.5879 4.1538 104.9130
71 1.200 1.085 0.0980 0.2369 0.7144 4.1538 93.3631
81 1.300 1.141 0.1237 0.3046 0.7373 4.1538 88.7839
86 1.350 1.167 0.1371 0.3422 0.7445 4.1538 86.7411
87 1.360 1.173 0.1398 0.3500 0.7458 4.1538 86.3510
88 1.370 1.178 0.1426 0.3579 0.7470 4.1538 85.9669
89 1.380 1.183 0.1454 0.3659 0.7482 4.1538 85.5887
90 1.390 1.188 0.1481 0.3739 0.7493 4.1538 85.2163
91 1.400 1.193 0.1509 0.3821 0.7505 4.1538 84.8499
---|-------|-------|--------|--------|--------|------------|-----------|

WAGENINGEN B SERISI
SECILEN PERVANE = 91. PERVANEDIR
P/D=1.400
J= 1.193 Kt= 0.151 10Kq= 0.382 eta= 0.750
Bp= 4.1538 delta= 84.8499
T= 22.90 kN Va= 14.420 m/s RHO = 1025.0 kg/m3
Z = 5. EAR = 0.750 D = 1.007 m
RPS= 12.000 dev/san RPM= 720.00 TORK= 5.836 kNm Pd= 440.0 kW
• In this case the limit in pitch ratio is the optimum value.
• It is not advisable to extrapolate outside the bounds of the diagrams, so the pitch ratio of 1.4 should
be used.
• In this case the diameter can again be found from the J value J=1.193:
Va 14.42
D   1m
n  J 12 1.193
• A diameter of 1 meter should be used.
• This efficiency is high because the propeller loading is extremely low.
• In this case the speed was prescribed.
• In practice, a resistance curve is known, from which the required thrust as a function of speed can
be derived.
• In the above example the delivered thrust can be found from the thrust coefficient KT=0.153.
 T  KT    n 2  D 4  0.1509 1025 122 1  22.9 kN
• When the delivered thrust is not in accordance with the ship resistance the same calculation should
be carried out for a different speed.
• The actual speed will the be found from an interpolation between the resistance curve and the curve
of delivered thrust.
• It can be checked if the blade area ratio is not too small from this diameter.
• Assume the shaft immersion to be 1 meter. From Keller’s formula the minimum blade area ratio is
found to be

EAR 
1.3  0.3  5  22,900  0.591
•
10  9.811025 1.0  1700 
5

The chosen blade area ratio of 0.75 therefore is too large.

Case 4: Maximum bollard pull
• Consider a tug with an engine which delivers 800kW at 180 RPM.
• The propeller is directly coupled, so the rotation rate of the engine is that
of the propeller.
• What is the maximum bollard pull which can be obtained?
• Again the blade area ratio and the number of blades should be chosen
first.
• Take a 4-bladed propeller with a EAR=1.
• In the Bollard pull condition the parameter KQ /J5 is useless because at
J=0 it become infinity.
• In this case the diameter is directly varied.
• It is unavoidable to calculate KQ value at every diameter which is tried.
• The following table can be obtained:
---|-------|--------|-------|--------|---------|
i D 10Kq P/D Kt T
---|-------|--------|-------|--------|---------|
1 2.000 1.4374 1.369 0.7166 105767.
2 2.500 0.4711 0.800 0.3759 135464.
3 3.000 0.1887 0.519 0.1977 147727.
---|-------|--------|-------|--------|---------|
WAGENINGEN B SERISI
SECILEN PERVANE =
P/D=0.800 Kt= 0.376 10Kq= 0.471
RPS= 3.000 RPM=180.000 T= 135.464 kN D= 2.500 m
Z= 4 EAR=1.000
RHO = 1025.0 kg/m3
TORK= 42.440 kNm Pd= 800.0 kW

• The value of pitch ratio is found from the B4-100 diagrams by iterating
P/D at J=0 until the required torque coefficient is reached.
• Some typical guidelines are:

1. Good bollard performance is often found with propeller at about

P/D=0.6
2. Typical speed is 3-4 knots for continuous towing, and 9-12 knots at
free-run (case 1).
3. Efficient bollard operation should produce about 130 N of thrust per
engine brake horse power.
4. Use equilibrium-torque towing analysis to provide achievable thrust
at bollard.
Case 5: Existing propeller
• If a propeller and operating conditions exist the program calculates the
performance of the propeller behind ship condition including viscous
scale effects.

• In the extrapolation to full scale case, the method of ITTC 78 is used.

• The sample output for this case is:
---|-------|--------|---------|--------|------------|------------|
i J Kt 10Kq eta0 Bp delta
---|-------|--------|---------|--------|------------|------------|
1 0.050 0.4402 0.6610 0.0530 15207.6494 2025.3160
2 0.100 0.4250 0.6413 0.1055 2648.1819 1012.6580
3 0.150 0.4088 0.6203 0.1573 945.1010 675.1053
4 0.200 0.3915 0.5979 0.2084 452.0052 506.3290
5 0.250 0.3733 0.5742 0.2587 253.5594 405.0632
6 0.300 0.3543 0.5492 0.3080 157.2072 337.5526
7 0.350 0.3344 0.5231 0.3562 104.3533 289.3308
8 0.400 0.3138 0.4958 0.4030 72.7588 253.1645
9 0.450 0.2925 0.4674 0.4483 52.6262 225.0351
10 0.500 0.2706 0.4380 0.4917 39.1471 202.5316
11 0.550 0.2481 0.4076 0.5329 29.7587 184.1196
12 0.600 0.2251 0.3763 0.5713 23.0043 168.7763
13 0.650 0.2017 0.3442 0.6062 18.0107 155.7935
14 0.700 0.1779 0.3113 0.6366 14.2314 144.6654
15 0.750 0.1537 0.2777 0.6609 11.3112 135.0210
16 0.800 0.1293 0.2434 0.6766 9.0114 126.5822
17 0.850 0.1047 0.2084 0.6796 7.1668 119.1362
18 0.900 0.0799 0.1729 0.6622 5.6589 112.5175
19 0.950 0.0551 0.1369 0.6084 4.3991 106.5956
20 1.000 0.0302 0.1005 0.4789 3.3153 101.2658
21 1.050 0.0054 0.0637 0.1424 2.3363 96.4436
---|-------|--------|---------|--------|------------|------------|

WAGENINGEN B SERISI
T= 38637.82 kN Va= 6.680 m/s RHO = 1025.0 kg/m3
Z = 4. EAR = 0.700 D = 3.500 m
P/D=1.000
J= 0.939 Kt= 0.061 10Kq= 0.145 eta= 0.625
Bp= 4.6636 delta= 107.8797
RPS= 2.033 dev/san RPM= 122.00 TORK= 32.311 kNm Pd= 412.8 kW
TAM OLCEGE EKTRAPOLASYONDA
ITTC78 VISKOZ DUZELTME YONTEMI KULLANILMISTIR
Viscous Effects – ITTC Analysis Procedure

• Model propeller size : 24 cm

• Model and full scale drag coefficients

2.5
 t   0.044 5   t  c
CDM  2 2  2   1  2  CDS  2  2  2  1.89  1.62log 
 c   Rn 6
 0.75 R Rn0.75 R   c  
3
k p 
• Rn0.75R must not be lower
2105 during open water tests t :max.thickness
c :chord length
k p  30 106 m
• Calculation of propeller characteristics:
c P
KT  0.30Z      CD
CD  CDM  CDS  D 0.75 R  D 
c
K Q  0.25Z   CD
 0.75 R
D
• Full-scale propeller characteristics:
KTS  KTM  KT
KQS  KQM  KQ
• Since CDM in general is larger than CDS , the full-scale KQ at given advance
ratio is lower and KT is slightly higher than in the model case