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Alternating-Current Circuits: Physics 2212

1) Alternating current is commonly used worldwide to power electrical appliances by oscillating sinusoidally at various voltages and frequencies. 2) In AC circuits, resistors cause the current to be proportional to the voltage in a sinusoidal pattern with the same frequency but out of phase. Inductors cause the current to lag the voltage by 90 degrees, while capacitors cause the current to lead the voltage by 90 degrees. 3) In a series RLC circuit, the overall voltage is determined by the vector addition of the individual voltage drops across each component. The circuit exhibits resonance when the inductive and capacitive reactances cancel out at the natural frequency.

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326 views10 pages

Alternating-Current Circuits: Physics 2212

1) Alternating current is commonly used worldwide to power electrical appliances by oscillating sinusoidally at various voltages and frequencies. 2) In AC circuits, resistors cause the current to be proportional to the voltage in a sinusoidal pattern with the same frequency but out of phase. Inductors cause the current to lag the voltage by 90 degrees, while capacitors cause the current to lead the voltage by 90 degrees. 3) In a series RLC circuit, the overall voltage is determined by the vector addition of the individual voltage drops across each component. The circuit exhibits resonance when the inductive and capacitive reactances cancel out at the natural frequency.

Uploaded by

deskaug1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Alternating-Current Circuits

Physics 2212
Alternating current
is commonly used
everyday in homes
and businesses
throughout the
word to power
various electrical
appliances
Voltage in AC Circuits
v  Vmax sin t
2
  2f 
T

The voltage supplied by an AC source is sinusoidal with a period T


Resistors in AC Circuits
v  iR R  0
v Vmax
iR   sin t  I m ax sin t
R R
Vmax
I m ax 
R
RMS Current & RMS Voltage
• Average value of current is referred as RMS Current &
average value of voltage is referred as RMS Voltage

• The notation rms stands for root-mean-square, which


means the square root of the mean (average) value

I rms  (i 2 ) avg
1 2
i2  I max
2
I
I rms  m ax  0.707 I m ax
2
Pavg  I 2 rms R
Vm ax
Vrms   0.707Vm ax
2
Inductors in an AC Circuit

v  vL  0
diL Instantaneous current and voltage are out of phase by /2
v  L 0
dt
Vmax
diL I m ax 
v  L  Vmax sin t L
dt
Vmax L is defined as inductive reactance XL
diL  sin tdt
L
Vmax V X L  L
iL 
L  sin tdt   max cos t
t
Vmax 
iL  sin(t  )
t 2
Capacitors in an AC Circuit

v  vC  0
q
v  0
C Instantaneous current and voltage are out of phase by /2
q  C Vmax sin t
Vmax
dq Im ax  CVmax 
ic   C Vmax cos t (1/ C )
dt (1/C) is defined as capacitive reactance XC

ic  C Vmax sin(t  )
2 X C  1/ C
The RLC Series Circuit
vR  I m ax R sin t  VR sin t

vL  I m ax X L sin(t  )  VL cos t
2

vC  I m ax X C sin(t  )  Vc cos t
2
Vmax  VR 2  (VL  VC ) 2  (I m ax R) 2  (I m ax X L  I m ax X C ) 2
Vmax  I m ax R 2  ( X L  X C ) 2
Vmax
I m ax 
R 2  ( X L  X C )2
Vmax
I m ax 
Z
Z is called impendence of circuit
Resonance in a Series RLC Circuit
Vrms
I rms 
Z
Vrms
I rms 
R 2  ( X L  X C )2

The angular frequency at which XL-XC=0 is called the resonance frequency of the circuit

X L  XC  0
X L  XC
0 L  1/ 0C
1
0 
LC

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