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Describing Routing Between Vlans: Implementing Inter-Vlan Routing

This document discusses implementing inter-VLAN routing using an external router or multilayer switch. It covers configuring an external router with subinterfaces for each VLAN using 802.1Q or ISL trunking. It also covers enabling routing on a multilayer switch using SVIs or routed ports and verifying connectivity. The document then discusses CEF-based multilayer switching, how it uses tables to rewrite packets in hardware for faster switching, and how to configure and verify CEF.

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Arun Joy
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157 views42 pages

Describing Routing Between Vlans: Implementing Inter-Vlan Routing

This document discusses implementing inter-VLAN routing using an external router or multilayer switch. It covers configuring an external router with subinterfaces for each VLAN using 802.1Q or ISL trunking. It also covers enabling routing on a multilayer switch using SVIs or routed ports and verifying connectivity. The document then discusses CEF-based multilayer switching, how it uses tables to rewrite packets in hardware for faster switching, and how to configure and verify CEF.

Uploaded by

Arun Joy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Implementing Inter-VLAN Routing

Describing Routing Between VLANs


Inter-VLAN Routing with External Router

• Single trunk link carries traffic for multiple VLANs to and


from router.
Inter-VLAN Routing
External Router Configuration Commands

Configure on subinterface
• encapsulation dot1Q (or isl) 10
• ip address 10.10.1.1 255.255.255.0
Verify
• show vlan 10
• show ip route
Inter-VLAN Routing on External Router:
802.1Q Trunk Link
Inter-VLAN Routing on External Router:
ISL Trunk Link
Verifying Inter-VLAN Routing

The ping command tests connectivity to remote hosts.


Verifying the Inter-VLAN Routing
Configuration

Router#show vlan

• Displays the current IP configuration per VLAN

Router#show ip route

• Displays IP route table information

Router#show ip interface brief

• Displays IP address on interfaces and current state of interface


Explaining Multilayer Switching
Layer 2 Switch Forwarding Process
Logical Packet Flow for a
Multilayer Switch
IP Unicast Frame and Packet Rewrite

Incoming IP Unicast Packet

Rewritten IP Unicast Packet


CAM Table

• Requires an exact
match on all bits
• Matching is a binary
operation: 0 or 1
• Provides very high-
speed lookups
TCAM Table

• Matches only significant


values
• Matches based on three
values: 0, 1, or X (either)
• Masks used to wildcard some
content fields
Summary

• A router on a stick can be used to route between VLANs


using either ISL or 802.1Q as the trunking protocol.
• A router on a stick requires subinterfaces, one for
each VLAN.
• Verify inter-VLAN routing by generating IP packets between
two subnets.
• Multilayer switches can forward traffic at both Layer 2 and
Layer 3.
• Multilayer switches rewrite the Layer 2 and Layer 3 header
using tables held in hardware.
Implementing Inter-VLAN Routing

Enabling Routing Between VLANs on a


Multilayer Switch
Layer 3 SVI
SVI on a Multilayer Switch

Configure
• ip routing
• interface vlan 10
– ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
• router eigrp 50
– network 10.0.0.0
Verify
• show ip route
Configuring Inter-VLAN Routing
Through an SVI

Step 1 : Configure IP routing.

Switch(config)#ip routing

Step 2 : Create an SVI interface.


Switch(config)#interface vlan vlan-id

Step 3 : Assign an IP address to the SVI.


Switch(config-if)#ip address ip-address mask

Step 4 : Configure the IP routing protocol if needed.

Switch(config)#router ip_routing_protocol <options>


Routed Ports on a Multilayer Switch (Cont.)
Routed Ports on a Multilayer Switch

• Physical switch port with Layer 3 capability


• Not associated with a VLAN
• Requires removal of Layer 2 port functionality

Configure
• ip routing
• interface fa0/1
– no switchport
– ip address 10.3.3.1 255.255.255.0
• router eigrp 50
– network 10.0.0.0
Configuring a Routed Port

Step 1 : Configure IP routing.

Switch(config)#ip routing

Step 2 : Create a routed port.


Switch(config-if)#no switchport

Step 3 : Assign an IP address to the routed port.


Switch(config-if)#ip address ip-address mask

Step 4 : Configure the IP routing protocol if needed.

Switch(config)#router ip_routing_protocol <options>


Summary

• SVI is a VLAN of switch ports represented by one interface to


the routing system.
• Specific commands are used to configure and verify routing
on multilayer switch interfaces.
• The interface vlan command creates the SVI.
• A routed port has Layer 3 attributes.
• A routed port requires the removal of Layer 2 port
functionality with the no switchport command.
• To receive dynamic updates, a routing protocol is required.
Implementing Inter-VLAN Routing

Deploying CEF-Based Multilayer Switching


Layer 3 Switch Processing

In Layer 3 switches, the


control path and data path
are relatively independent.
• The control path code,
such as routing
protocols, runs on the
route processor.
• Data packets are
forwarded by the
switching fabric.
Layer 3 Switch Processing (Cont.)

Layer 3 switching can occur at two different locations


on the switch.
• Centralized switching: Switching decisions are made on the
route processor by a central forwarding table.
• Distributed switching: Switching decisions can be made on a
port or line-card level.
Layer 3 switching takes place using one of these two
methods:
• Route caching: A Layer 3 route cache is built in hardware as
the switch sees traffic flow into the switch.
• Topology-based switching: Information from the routing
table is used to populate the route cache, regardless
of traffic.
CEF-Based Multilayer Switches

• CEF caches routing information in the FIB table


and Layer 2 next-hop addresses in the adjacency
table.
Multilayer Switch Packet Forwarding Process

• Some IP packets cannot be


processed in hardware.
• If an IP packet cannot be
processed in hardware, it is
processed by the Layer 3
engine.
CEF-Based MLS Lookups

1. Layer 3 packets initiate TCAM lookup.


2. The longest match returns adjacency with rewrite information.
3. The packet is rewritten per adjacency information and forwarded.
ARP Throttling
CEF-Based MLS Operation
Configuring and Verifying CEF

Configuring CEF
• ip cef (enabled by default)
• ip route-cache cef (only on VLAN interface)
Verifying CEF
• show ip cef fa 0/1 detail
• show adjacency fa 0/1 detail
Enabling CEF

The commands required to enable CEF are platform


dependent:
• On the Cisco Catalyst 4000 switch
Switch(config-if)#ip cef

• On the Cisco Catalyst 3550 switch


Switch(config-if)#ip route-cache cef
Verifying CEF

Switch#show ip cef [type mod/port | vlan_interface] [detail]

Switch# show ip cef vlan 11 detail

IP CEF with switching (Table Version 11), flags=0x0


10 routes, 0 reresolve, 0 unresolved (0 old, 0 new), peak 0
13 leaves, 12 nodes, 14248 bytes, 14 inserts, 1 invalidations
0 load sharing elements, 0 bytes, 0 references
universal per-destination load sharing algorithm, id 4B936A24
2(0) CEF resets, 0 revisions of existing leaves
Resolution Timer: Exponential (currently 1s, peak 1s)
0 in-place/0 aborted modifications
refcounts: 1061 leaf, 1052 node

Table epoch: 0 (13 entries at this epoch)

172.16.11.0/24, version 6, epoch 0, attached, connected


0 packets, 0 bytes
via Vlan11, 0 dependencies
valid glean adjacency
Common CEF Problems

• Is ideal switching method (CEF, DCEF) in use?


• Are CEF tables complete and accurate?
Verify Layer 3 Switching

Switch#show interface {{type mod/port} | {port-channel


number}} | begin L3

Switch#show interface fastethernet 3/3 | begin L3


L3 in Switched: ucast: 0 pkt, 0 bytes - mcast: 12 pkt, 778 bytes mcast
L3 out Switched: ucast: 0 pkt, 0 bytes - mcast: 0 pkt, 0 bytes
4046399 packets input, 349370039 bytes, 0 no buffer
Received 3795255 broadcasts, 2 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles
.....
Switch#
Displaying Hardware Layer 3 Switching
Statistics

Switch#show interfaces {{type mod/port} | {port-channel


number}} include switched

Switch#show interfaces gigabitethernet 9/5 | include switched


L2 Switched: ucast: 8199 pkt, 1362060 bytes - mcast: 6980 pkt, 371952 bytes
L3 in Switched: ucast: 3045 pkt, 742761 bytes - mcast: 0 pkt, 0 bytes mcast
L3 out Switched: ucast: 2975 pkt, 693411 bytes - mcast: 0 pkt, 0 bytes
Adjacency Information

Switch#show adjacency [{{type mod/port} |


{port-channel number}} | detail | internal | summary]

Switch#show adjacency gigabitethernet 9/5 detail


Protocol Interface Address
IP GigabitEthernet9/5 172.20.53.206(11)
504 packets, 6110 bytes
00605C865B82
000164F83FA50800
ARP 03:49:31
Debugging CEF Operations

Switch#debug ip cef {drops | access-list | receive |


events | prefix-ipc | table}

• Displays debug information for CEF

Switch#debug ip cef {ipc | interface-ipc}

• Displays debug information related to IPC in CEF

Switch#ping ip

• Performs an extended ping


How to Troubleshoot CEF
Summary

• Layer 3 switching is high-performance packet switching


in hardware.
• MLS functionality can be implemented through CEF.
• CEF uses tables in hardware to forward packets.
• Specific commands are used to enable and verify
CEF operations.
• Commands to enable CEF are platform dependent.
• CEF problems can be matched to specific solutions.
• Specific commands are used to troubleshoot and solve
CEF problems.
• Ordered steps assist in troubleshooting CEF-based
problems.
Module Summary

• An external router can be configured to route packets


between the VLANs on a Layer 2 switch.
• Multilayer switches allow routing and the configuration of
interfaces to pass packets between VLANs.
• CEF-based multilayer switching facilitates packet switching
in hardware.

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