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Review of Writing Skills: Paraphrasing and Summarizing

The document discusses paraphrasing and summarizing. It defines paraphrasing as restating the ideas of published authors in one's own words without changing the original meaning. Paraphrasing must be attributed to the original source and is usually shorter than the original passage. Reasons for paraphrasing include avoiding pure direct quotations in a research paper to achieve consistency of style and tone. The document provides tips for paraphrasing, such as paraphrasing texts not meant for direct quoting and achieving a consistent style and tone. It also discusses how to avoid plagiarism when paraphrasing by ensuring the wording is original while retaining the main ideas.

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192 views

Review of Writing Skills: Paraphrasing and Summarizing

The document discusses paraphrasing and summarizing. It defines paraphrasing as restating the ideas of published authors in one's own words without changing the original meaning. Paraphrasing must be attributed to the original source and is usually shorter than the original passage. Reasons for paraphrasing include avoiding pure direct quotations in a research paper to achieve consistency of style and tone. The document provides tips for paraphrasing, such as paraphrasing texts not meant for direct quoting and achieving a consistent style and tone. It also discusses how to avoid plagiarism when paraphrasing by ensuring the wording is original while retaining the main ideas.

Uploaded by

Jing Abetong Bañas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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REVIEW OF

WRITING SKILLS
Paraphrasing and
Summarizing
Paraphrase
 Iswhen you write the ideas of published authors in
your own words without changing the original
meaning.

 The retelling of information from a source in the


note-taker’s own words ( Sternglass, 1991, p.298).

 The point-by-point recapitulation of another


person’s ideas, expressed in your own words (Spatt,
1987, p. 93).
Paraphrasing
A paraphrased must also be attributed to
the original source.

 Paraphrased material is usually shorter


than the original passage, taking a
somewhat broader segment of the
source and condensing it slightly.
Reasons for Paraphrasing
 1. A research cannot be made up of pure
direct quotations.
 Since a research paper is to be written by
one person, the paraphrasing skill
becomes necessary in integrating the
researched pieces of information in one
coherent whole.
Reasons for Paraphrasing
 2.The wholeness of the paper is
dependent on the consistency of style
and tone of the writer.
 Thus, in paraphrasing, the writer inputs his
own style and tone into the different ideas
put together in the research paper.
Avoiding plagiarism
 Plagiarismis when you copy directly from someone
else’s work without acknowledging/citing the
original author.

 There is a fine line between plagiarism and


paraphrasing. If the wording of the paraphrase is
too close to the wording of the original content,
then it is plagiarism.

 The
main ideas need to come through, but the
wording has to be your own.
Tips in paraphrasing
 1. Paraphrase texts which are not for
direct quoting.

 2. Paraphrase to achieve a consistent


style and tone in your paper.
Paraphrased sentences
 Original: Her life spanned years of incredible
change for women.
 Paraphrase: Mary lived through an era of
liberating reform for women.
 Original: Any trip to Italy should include a visit
to Tuscany to sample their exquisite wines.
 Paraphrase: Be sure to include a Tuscan wine-
tasting experience when visiting Italy.
Traditional Paraphrasing: literal, structural and
free
1. Read the original text closely.

“Television has been criticized for inducing


passivity in the young viewer, distracting him
from reading books, developing in him an
inordinate desire for violence and artificial
excitement, promoting commercialism and
sexism, making it easy for parents to neglect
their children by using the television set as an
‘electronic babysitter’ taking up too much of
the viewer’s time.” (Torre, 1991, p.32)
2. Literally paraphrase the difficult terms. If there
is none, proceed to structural paraphrasing.
Examples:
passivity - inertia, listlessness
inordinate – extreme, excessive
The television set is used as an electronic babysitter as
it takes up the time of the viewer. The boob tube has
been taunted because it makes the young viewer
passive; it also distracts him from reading books and
makes him violent. Artificial excitement, commercialism,
and sexism are also the negative effects of television.
3. Set aside the original text. Restate the ideas
contained in your literal/structural paraphrase,
drawing from your own vocabulary reservoir and
writing style.

Critics have pointed out that television has assumed


the role of a babysitter for the young viewer who,
instead of reading books, has turned to the boob
tube for excitement and has fallen prey to the
commercialism, passivity, and violence it brings. The
unsuspecting parents have utilized the television set
as their children’s constant companion.
Traditional Paraphrasing
4. Compare your output in number 3 with the original text. Have
you retained the same ideas? Make sure that you did not add to
or delete from the original ideas.

5. Cite properly the source of the paraphrased information.

Examples:
Paraphrased version:
Genetic factors and lifestyles determine cancer risks (Plata, 199).
Original version:
One faces a great chance of getting cancer if he/she has a
family history of cancer or if his/her lifestyle is not healthy (Plata,
1999).
Traditional Paraphrasing (4)
Original text Paraphrased version
“Television has been criticized Critics have pointed out
for inducing passivity in the that television has assumed
young viewer, distracting him the role of a babysitter for
from reading books, the young viewer who,
developing in him an instead of reading books,
inordinate desire for violence has turned to the boob tube
and artificial excitement, for excitement and has
promoting commercialism and fallen prey to the
sexism, making it easy for commercialism, passivity,
parents to neglect their and violence it brings. The
children by using the television unsuspecting parents have
set as an ‘electronic utilized the television set as
babysitter’ taking up too much their children’s constant
of the viewer’s time.” companion.
Try this: Paraphrase the original texts according to the
steps given.
1. “Every time you meet a crisis in life, there is something to
be learned from it.” (Sleigh, 1998, p. 30)
2. “I think it’s a lot easier to write a depressing song than a
happy one. I think on a scoreboard of emotions, sad is
easy to capture.” (Tipe, 1992, p.29)
3. “The representation of every step of an algorithm should
have a unique interpretation although a representation
for a computer may differ from that for a human.”
(Zwass, 1981. p.20)
4. “The man who does not have empathy or sensitivity for
what people go through is obviously half-witted,
moronic, or a write-off.” (Hauck, 1990, p.84)
5. “A relationship is healthy when both partners have
permission to ask for what they want and need, and
they both have permission to say no if they choose.”
(Gray, 1992, p.265)
Steps in Using Alternative Paraphrasing
1. Read the original text thoroughly.

“Meditation pervades the entire body like the flow of


mercury. You feel the energy rising upward, or
sometimes going downward. You have to keep up
your practice. Then, whatever work you are doing,
meditation permeates. (Payongayong, 1991, p.11).
Steps in Using Alternative Paraphrasing
2. Understand the ideas contained in the original text.
To achieve this, think of basic reading guide questions
that will extract the ideas presented.
 Based on the sample text, you may
formulate the following questions:
a. To what is meditation likened? Why?
b. How does meditation work in one’s body?
c. How can meditation be integrated in one’s
system?
Steps in Using Alternative Paraphrasing
3. In your own words, answer the questions in note
form.
You may have come up with the following
answers:
a. flow of mercury – meditation
b. pushes up or down energy level
c. constant practice- becomes a natural part
of one’s system
Steps in Using Alternative Paraphrasing
4. Without looking at the original text, string
together the notes you have listed.

You may have this output:


When one meditates, one experiences an
energy flow like that of mercury pushing up or
down one’s energy level and affecting the
whole body. Through constant practice,
meditation becomes a natural part of one’s
system.
Steps in Using Alternative
Paraphrasing
5. Check if all pertinent ideas are
included in the paraphrased form.

6. Cite the source of the paraphrased


form.
Try this: Extract notes from the original texts and
write paraphrases using the guide questions.

1. “ Vitamin A appears to reduce


development of breast cancer. It has
substances that have the ability to inhibit
growth of potentially cancerous cells. It is
one of the most powerful regulators of cell
growth.” (Klinger, 1993, p. HC7)
a. What does the text mainly discuss?
b. What does the text claim about Vitamin A?
c. What is the basis of this claim?

notes paraphrases
a. ______________________ a. ______________________
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________
b. _______________________ b. _______________________
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________
c. _______________________ c. _______________________
__________________________ _________________________
________________________ _________________________

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