Scribd
Upload
1K views21 pages

Edexcel Biology Section 1 Powerpoint Igcse

Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts to speed up chemical reactions by lowering their activation energy without being consumed in the process; enzymes have an active site that binds specifically to substrates and work most efficiently within an optimal temperature and pH range, outside of which their three-dimensional structure can be altered, reducing their catalytic activity.

Uploaded by

Saba Parkar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
1K views21 pages

Edexcel Biology Section 1 Powerpoint Igcse

Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts to speed up chemical reactions by lowering their activation energy without being consumed in the process; enzymes have an active site that binds specifically to substrates and work most efficiently within an optimal temperature and pH range, outside of which their three-dimensional structure can be altered, reducing their catalytic activity.

Uploaded by

Saba Parkar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 21

M Movement All living things move - to find food,

escape predators or find better growing


conditions
R Respiration Getting energy from food to carry out
cell processes
S Sensitivity Detecting changes in the surroundings
such as light levels
G Growth All living things grow
R Reproduction Making new generations of a species
E Excretion Getting rid of waste - including carbon
dioxide from respiration
N Nutrition Taking in and using food as a supply of
energy
Bacteria
Protoctists
Animals

Types of organisms

Fungi Plants
• 1. Multicellular organisms
• 2. Cells do not contain chloroplasts and are not able
to carry out photosynthesis
• 3. Cells have no cell walls
• 4. They have a nervous system
• 5. They often store carbohydrate as glycogen

• Examples include mammals (e.g. humans) and


insects (e.g. housefly).
• 1. They are saprophytic and feed
by excreting digestive enzymes
onto food and absorbing the
digested products
• 2. Cells do not contain chloroplasts
and are not able to carry out
photosynthesis
• 3. Cells are joined together to form
threads, called hyphae. Hyphae
contain many nuclei, because they
are made from many cells.
• 4. Cell walls are made from chitin
(a protein)
• 5. They store carbohydrates as
glycogen.
• Examples include Mucor and Yeast
(which is single celled).
• 1. Made from single cells
• 2. Cells do not contain a nucleus, but
have a small piece of circular DNA
instead (a bacterial chromosome).
• 3. Some bacteria can carry out
rudimentary photosynthesis, but
most are saprophytes
• 4. They have the structure below
(learn it, it comes up!)
• Examples include Lactobacillius
bulgaricus (a rod-shaped bacterium
used in the production of yoghurt
from milk) and Pneumococcus (a
spherical bacterium that causes
Pneumonia)
• Basically, everything that doesn’t
fit into the other kingdoms! Most
are single celled organisms which
can either;
• 1. Have animal-like characteristics
(e.g. Amoeba)
• 2. Have plant-like characteristics
(e.g. Chlorella)

• However, some protoctisis are


multicellular (e.g. seaweeds, yes
they’re NOT plants!)
Viruses:
• 1. Much smaller than bacteria. They are not
made from cells
• 2. Totally parasitic and reproduce inside
host cells.
• 3. They infect every type of living cell
• 4. They have the structure below (learn it, it
comes up!)
• The Envelope is used to gain entry into host
cells.
• The Capsid is a protein coat and is used to
protect the genetic information and give the
virus structure
• The DNA or RNA (a different type of nucleic
acid) contain the code for building new
viruses.
• Examples include the Tobacco Mosaic Virus
and the Influenza virus (which causes ‘flu).
a) Levels of organization.
• Organelles – intracellular
structures that carry out specific
functions within a cell
• Cells – the basic structural and
functional unit from which all
biological organisms are made.
• Tissues – a group of specialized
cells, which are adapted to carry
out a specific function.
• Organs – a collection of two or
more tissues, which carries out a
specific function or functions
• Organ Systems – a group of two or
more organs
Animal and plant cells
Function of cells which animal and plant cells have in
common
part function
nucleus contains genetic material, which controls the activities of the
cell
cytoplasm most chemical processes take place here, controlled by
enzymes
cell membrane controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell

mitochondria most energy is released by respiration here

ribosomes protein synthesis happens here

Plant cells also have extra parts: Extra parts of plant cells

part function
cell wall Made from cellulose. strengthens the cell
chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy for
photosynthesis
permanent vacuole filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid
• The main food groups are carbohydrates, lipids
and proteins. All three groups are made from
smaller molecules.
• Carbohydrates are large molecules made from
one or more sugars (e.g. both Starch and
Glycogen are both polymers of Glucose)
• Proteins are polymers of Amino Acids
• Lipids are made from one glycerol molecule and
three fatty acid molecules joined together.
• Lipids are tested for using the
Emulsion test
• Proteins are tested for using the
Biuret test
• Starch is tested for using Iodine
solution
• Glucose is tested for using
Benedict’s test
• Enzymes are biological catalysts – protein molecules
that speed up chemical reactions
• Enzymes:
• - Are proteins
• - Are biological catalysts (speed up chemical reactions)
• - Are specific to one particular Substrate
• - Are affected by temperature and pH
• - Are not used up in the reaction they catalyze
Respiration
Photosynthesis
Protein synthesis
• Active sites
• The shape of an enzyme determines how it works. Enzymes
have active sites that substrate molecules (the substances
involved in the chemical reaction) fit into when a reaction
happens.
• The active site has to be the right shape for the substrate
molecules to fit into. This means that enzymes have a
high specificity for their substrate – a particular type of
enzyme will only work with one or a smaller number of
substrates. The animation shows how this works:
• At low temperatures, enzyme
reactions are slow. They speed
up as the temperature rises until
an optimum temperature is
reached. After this point the
reaction will slow down and
eventually stop. The graph
shows what happens to enzyme
activity when the temperature
changes.
• In the example above, enzyme
activity increases steadily
between 0 ºC and 40 ºC. It peaks
at 40 ºC (the enzyme's optimum
temperature) then decreases
rapidly.
• Different enzymes work best at
different pH values, their optimum
pH. Many enzymes work fastest in
neutral conditions. Making the
solution more acidic or alkaline will
slow the reaction down. At extremes
of pH the reaction will stop
altogether.
• Some enzymes, such as those used
in digestion, are adapted to work
faster in unusual pH conditions. For
example, stomach enzymes have an
optimum pH of 2, which is very
acidic.
• The graph shows what happens to
enzyme activity when the pH
changes
• You need to be able to recall an experiment
you have done that explores the effect of
temperature on enzymes. An example is the
enzyme Catalase, which breaks Hydrogen
peroxide into Water and Oxygen;
• 2H2O2 ----- O2 + 2H2O
• Catalase is found in potatoes. Therefore,
putting potato chips into peroxide will produce
O2. The rate of reaction is, therefore,
proportional to the volume of O2 given off.
Changing the temperature will alter the volume
(i.e. initially increase it, reach an optimum,
then decrease quickly as the Catalase
becomes denatured).

You might also like