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Filters: Umeraanjum - M.Tech

In signal processing, a filter is a device or process that removes some unwanted components or features from a signal. Filtering is a class of signal processing, the defining feature of filters being the complete or partial suppression of some aspect of the signal.

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149 views22 pages

Filters: Umeraanjum - M.Tech

In signal processing, a filter is a device or process that removes some unwanted components or features from a signal. Filtering is a class of signal processing, the defining feature of filters being the complete or partial suppression of some aspect of the signal.

Uploaded by

Umera Anjum
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FILTERS

UmeraAnjum || M.Tech
Table of contents

 Introduction

 Low Pass Filter

 High Pass Filter

 Band Pass Filter

 Band stop Filter

 Conclusion

UmeraAnjum || M.Tech
Introduction

 In signal processing, the function of a filter is to remove unwanted


parts of the signal, such as random noise, or to extract useful parts of
the signal, such as the components lying within a certain frequency
range

 There are mainly two kinds of filter, analog and digital. They are quite
different in their physical makeup and in how they work. An analog
filter uses analog electronic circuits made up from components such as
resistors, capacitors and op amps to produce the required filtering
effect. Digital filters are central to almost every signal processing
system. They have applications in noise removal, waveform shaping,
equalization, and signal recovery algorithms .In this project we had
chosen filters like low-pass, high-pass, band-pass and explained each
of their design. We made use of MATLAB software to explain about
these filters of how they are designed and implemented.

UmeraAnjum || M.Tech
Introduction

 A Filter is an electrical circuit that is designed to pass a specified band of


frequencies while attenuating all the signals outside that band.

 It is a frequency selective circuit.

 The filters are basically classified as active filters & passive filters.

 They are used in circuits which require the separation of signals according
to their frequencies.

 They are widely use in communication & signal processing.

UmeraAnjum || M.Tech
Low-pass filter
 A low-pass filter is a filter that passes signals with a frequency lower than a certain
cutoff frequency and attenuates signals with frequencies higher than the cutoff
frequency.

 A low pass filter has a constant gain from 0Hz to a high cut-off frequency, Fh.

 Practically, the gain decreases as the frequency increases & at f=Fh, the gain is
down by 3 db & after Fh, it decreases at a higher rate.

 After the end of a transition band ,the gain becomes zero.

UmeraAnjum || M.Tech
Electronic orders of filters

 RL filters
 RC filters
 RLC filters

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Low pass filters
v1 1 0 ac 1 sin
l1 1 2 3
rload 2 0 1k
.ac line 20 1 200
.plot ac v(2)
.end

v1 1 0 ac 1 sin
r1 1 2 500
c1 2 0 7u
rload 2 0 1k
.ac lin 20 30 150
.plot ac v(2)
.end

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Low pass filter frequency
response and output

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Frequency response of low
pass filter

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Noise frequency

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High-pass filter
 High-pass filter acts completely opposite to the low-pass filter.

 It passes signals with a frequency higher than cut-off frequencies and


attenuates the signals with lowers than the cut-off frequency.

 For a High pass filter, FI is the low cut-off frequency.

 The range of frequency o<f<FI is the stop band while f>FI is pass
band.

 The transition band is not shown in the characteristics as it is very


small

UmeraAnjum || M.Tech
Orders of high pass filter
 First-order continuous-time implementation
 Discrete-time realization
 The simple first-order electronic high-pass filter is
implemented by placing an input voltage across the
series combination of a capacitor and a resistor and
using the voltage resistor across the resistor as an
output. The product of the resistance and
capacitance (R×C) is the time constant (τ); it is
inversely proportional to the cutoff frequency fc.

UmeraAnjum || M.Tech
High pass frequency
response and output

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Magnitude response of high
pass filter

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Application

 High-pass and low-pass filters are also used in


digital image processing to perform image
modifications, enhancements, noise reduction, etc.,
using designs done in either the spacial domain or
the frequency domain.
 Used in part of audio .

UmeraAnjum || M.Tech
Band-pass filter
 The band pass fillter has two stop bands

 The range of frequency o<FI<& range of frequency

 Fh<f<infinity are two stop bands while the range FI<f<Fh is the pass band

 The bandwidth is thus Fh-FI

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Frequency response of band
pass filter

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Frequency response of
bandpass filter

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Band-Stop Filters

 The band elimination filter is also called band rejection filter or


band stop filter.

 Its characteristics is exactly opposite to that of band pass filter.

 There are two pass bands while one stop band.

 The two ranges are 0<f<FI & Fh<f<infinity.

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Output for band Stop filter

UmeraAnjum || M.Tech
Conclusion

 Further we are going to explain the Frequency response


and impulse response of these filters with the mat lab
software .

UmeraAnjum || M.Tech
Reference

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-pass_filter
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-pass_filter
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band-pass_filter
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band-stop_filter

UmeraAnjum || M.Tech

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