Q: What is a corporation?


A: An artificial being created by
operation of law having the right of
succession, and the powers, attributes
and properties expressly authorized by
law and incident to its existence. (Sec.
2)
 Comparison Corporation Partnership
Manner of Creation By operation of law Mere agreement of partners
Number of 5 ~ 15 (except in corporation sole) 2 or more
organizers
Right of Succession True False
Limitation
Powers

on Only those expressly authorized by No limit provided not contrary to
law/ incident to its existence law, morals, good customs, public
order or public policy.

Management Board of Directors General Partners

Liability for debts Not liable for debts of the corporation Liable with their separate assets for
partnership debts

Commencement for Date of issuance of certificate of Execution of partnership contract

existence incorporation

Transfer of interest True, even without consent of other True, if only with consent by other
stockholders partners

Term 50 years Indefinite life

Dissolution False, must have consent by the State True, by stipulation by partners
 Q:What are the attributes of a
corporation?

A:
It is an artificial being
It is created by operation of law
It enjoys the right of succession
It has the powers, attributes and
properties expressly authorized by law or
incident to its existence
 GSIS

 SSS


 MAYNILAD

 SMC

 ASIA BREWERY

 NESTLE

 TANDUAY DISTILLERS

 WYETH SUACO

 SUMIDEN

 CITY GOVT OF CABUYAO

Q: What are the classifications of corporation?

A:

1. As to Corporation Code:

a. STOCK CORPORATION‐ one which have

capital stock divided into shares and are
authorized to distribute to the holders of such
shares dividends or allotments or the surplus
profits on the basis of the shares held. ( Sec 3 )
 b. NON‐ STOCK CORPORATION‐ is one which do not
issue shares and are created not for profit but for public
good and welfare and where no part of its income is

distributable as dividends to its members, trustees, or
officers. (Sec 87)
 2. As to the number of persons who compose them:
 a. Corporation aggregate‐ corporation consisting of more
than one member or corporator;
 b. Corporation Sole‐ religious corporation which consists of
one member or corporator only and his successor.
 3. As to whether they are for religious purpose or not:
 a. Ecclesiastical corporation‐ one organized for religious
purpose
 b. Lay corporation‐ one organized for a purpose other than
for religion.
 4. As to whether they are for charitable purpose or
not:
 a. Eleemosynary‐ one established for religious
purposes 
 b. Civil‐ one established for business or profit
 5. As to state or country under or by whose laws they
have been created:
 a. Domestic‐ one incorporated under the laws of the
Philippines
 b. Foreign‐ one formed, organized, or existing under
any laws other than those of the Philippines and
whose laws allow Filipino citizens and corporations
to do business in its own country or state. (Sec 123)
 6. As to their legal right to corporate existence:
 a. De jure‐ one existing both in fact and in law
 b. De facto‐ one existing in fact but not in law


 7. As to whether they are open to the public or not:
 a. Close‐ one which is limited to selected persons or
members of the family. (Sec 96‐ 105)

 b. Open‐ one which is open to any person who may which

to become a stockholder or member thereto
 8. As to their relation to another corporation
 a. Parent or Holding‐ one which is related to another
corporation that it has the power either, directly or
indirectly to, elect the majority of the director of such
other corporation
 b. Subsidiary‐ one which is so related to another
corporation that the majority of its directors can be elected
either, directly or indirectly, by such other corporation
 9. As to whether they are corporations in a true sense
or only in a limited sense:
 a. True‐ one which exists by statutory authority

 b. Quasi‐ one which exist without formal legislative
grant.
 i. Corporation by prescription‐ one which has
exercised corporate powers for an indefinite period
without interference on the part of the sovereign
power and which by fiction of law, is given the
status of a corporation;
 ii. Corporation by estoppel‐ one which in reality is not
a corporation, either de jure or de facto, because it is
so defectively formed, but is considered a
corporations in relation to those only who, by
reason of theirs acts or admissions, are precluded
from asserting that it is not a corporation.
10. As to whether they are for public

(government) or private purpose:
a. Public‐ one formed or organized for the
government or a portion of the State
b. one formed for some provate purpose,
benefit or end
Corporations Created by Special Laws /
Charters



Corporations may be also formed by virtue of
special laws or charters, and shall be
governed primarily by the provisions
applicable to them.
Examples: Social Security System (SSS), a
government-owned and controlled
corporation is formed by virtue by Republic
Act 1161 (Social Security Law), and as
amended by Republic Act 8282 (Social
Security Act of 1997), and is not covered by
the Corporation Code of the Philippines
 Components of a Corporation

 Corporators. Those who comprise thecorporation,
including stockholders, members, incorporators, et
cetera.

 Incorporators. Those stockholders or members
mentioned in the articles of incorporation as
originally forming and composing the corporation
and who are signatories thereof.
 Stockholders. Corporators of a stock corporation.
 Members. Corporators of a non-stock corporation.
 Promoters. A person (juridical or natural) who
usually discovers a prospective business and brings
persons interested to invest in it through formation
of a corporation
Q: X is a Filipino immigrant residing in
Sacramento, California. Y is a Filipino residing
in Quezon City, Philippines. Z is a resident

alien residing in Makati City. GGG
Corporation is a domestic corporation - 40%
owned by foreigners and 60% owned by
Filipinos, with T as authorized representative.
CCC Corporation is a foreign corporation
registered with the Philippine Securities and
Exchange Commission. KKK Corporation is a
domestic corporation (100%) Filipino owned. S
is a Filipino, 16 years of age, arid the daughter
of Y.
1. Who can be incorporators? Who can be
subscribers?

2. What are the differences between an
incorporator and a subscriber, if there are
any?
3. Who are qualified to become members of
the board of directors of the corporation?
4. Who are qualified to act as Treasurer of the
company?
5. Who can be appointed Corporate Secretary?
(2012)
 1. X, Y, Z, and T can be incorporators. The corporations
and S cannot be incorporators since the former are not
natural persons and the latter is not of legal age. (Sec.

10, Corporation Code). All of the foregoing can become
subscribers except S since she is not yet of legal age.
 2. The difference between the two is as follows: a) an
incorporator is a signatory of the AOI while a
subscriber is not; b) there is a limit for the number of
incorporators while there is no limit in the number of
subscribers; c) an incorporator must be a natural
person while a subscriber can be either natural or
juridical person and d) incorporators has a residence
requirement while there is no such requirement in case
of subscribers.
 3. A natural person, of legal age, and who owns at
least one share of stock registered in his name in the


books of the corporation and must have all the
qualifications and none of the disqualifications
provided for by the law and AOI or the by-laws of the
corporation. (Sec. 23, Corporation Code)
 4. A natural person, of legal age, whether or not a Filipino
citizen but under the SEC rules he must be a resident of the
Philippines and provided that he is not the president of the
same corporation at the same time. (SEC Opinion No. 10-
24)
 5. A natural person, of legal age, and a Filipino
resident citizen may become a secretary of the
corporation provided that he is not the president of the
same corporation at the same time.
 Q: What are the requisites of a de facto corporation?

 A:
 Organized under a valid law.

 Attempt in good faith to form a corporation according to
the requirements of the law.
 Note: The Supreme Court requires that Articles of
Incorporation have already been filed with the SEC and
the corresponding certificate of incorporation is
obtained.
 Use of corporate powers.
 Note: The corporation must have performed the acts
which are peculiar to a corporation like entering into a
subscription agreement, adopting by‐laws, and electing
directors.
 Q: What are the tests in determining the nationality
of corporations?

 A:

 Incorporation test – Determined by the state of
incorporation, regardless of the nationality of the
stockholders.
 Domiciliary test – Determined by the principal place
of business of the corporation.
 Control test – Determined by the nationality of the
controlling stockholders or members. This test is
applied in times of war.

 Grandfather rule – Nationality is attributed to the

percentage of equity in the corporation used in
nationalized or partly nationalized area.
Q: What is the nationality of a corporation
organized and incorporated under the laws of a
foreign country, but owned 100% by Filipinos?

A: Under the control test of corporate nationality,
this foreign corporation is of Filipino nationality.
Where there are grounds for piercing the veil of
corporate entity, that is, disregarding the fiction,
the corporation will follow the nationality of the
controlling members or stockholders, since the
corporation will then be considered as one and the
same. (1998 Bar Question)
Q: What is the doctrine of separate
(legal) personality?

A: It is a well‐settled doctrine that a
corporation has a personality
distinct and separate from its
individual stockholders or members
(Cruz vs. Dalisay, A.M. No. R‐181‐P,
July 31, 1987
 Q: What are the significances of the doctrine of separate
personality?
 A:
 Liability for acts or contracts – the acts of the stockholders

do not bind the corporation unless they are properly
authorized. The obligations incurred by a corporation,
acting through its authorized agents are its sole liabilities.
The obligations of the corporation are not the obligations
of its shareholders and members and vice‐versa. (Cease v.
CA,G.R. No. L‐33172, Oct. 18, 1979)
 Right to bring actions – may bring civil and criminal actions
in its own name in the same manner as natural persons.
(Art. 46, Civil Code)
 Right to acquire and possess property – property conveyed to
or acquired by the corporation is in law the property of
the corporation itself as a distinct legal entity and not that
of the stockholders or members. (Art. 44[3], Civil Code)
Acquisition of court of jurisdiction – service of
summons may be made on the president,

general manager, corporate secretary,
treasurer or in‐house counsel. (Sec. 11, Rule
14, Rules of Court).
Changes in individual membership – corporation
remains unchanged and unaffected in its
identity by changes in its individual
membership.
 Q: Is a corporation liable for torts?



 A: Yes whenever a tortuous act is committed by an
officer or agent under the express direction or
authority of the stockholders or members acting as a
body, or, generally, from the directors as the
governing body. (PNB v. CA, G.R. No. L‐27155, May
18, 1978)
Q: Is a corporation liable for crimes?


A:
GR: No. Since a corporation is a mere legal
fiction, it cannot be held liable for a crime
committed by its officers, since it does not
have the essential element of malice; in such
case the responsible officers would be
criminally liable. (People v. Tan Boon Kong,
G.R. No. L‐32066. Mar. 15, 1930)
 Q: Is a corporation entitled to moral damages?
 A:


 GR: A corporation is not entitled to moral damages
because it has no feelings, no emotions, no senses.
(ABS‐CBN Broadcasting Corporation v. CA, G.R. No.
128690 Jan 21, 1999 and Phillip Brothers Oceanic, Inc,
G.R. No. 126204, Nov. 20, 2001)
 XPN:
 The corporation may recover moral damages under
item 7 of Article 2219 of the New Civil Code because

said provision expressly authorizes the recovery of
moral damages in cases of libel, slander, or any other
form of defamation. Article 2219(7) does not qualify
whether the injured party is a natural or juridical
person. Therefore, a corporation, as a juridical person,
can validly complain for libel or any other form of
defamation and claim for moral damages (Filipinas
Broadcasting Network, Inc. v. AMEC‐BCCM, G.R. No.
141994, Jan 17, 2005.
 When the corporation has a reputation that is debased,
resulting in its humiliation in the business realm
(Manila Electric Company v. T.E.A.M. Electronics
Corporation, et. al., G.R. No. 131723, Dec. 13, 2007.
Q: What is the doctrine of piercing the veil of
corporate fiction?

A: It is the doctrine that allows the State to
disregard the notion of separate personality of a
corporation for justifiable reason/s.

Q: What are the effects of piercing the veil?

A: Courts will look at the corporation as an
aggregation of persons undertaking the
business as a group.
 Q: Plaintiffs filed a collection action against X Corporation.
Upon execution of the court's decision, X Corporation was
found to be without assets. Thereafter, plaintiffs filed an
action against its present and past stockholder Y Corporation


which owned substantially all of the stocks of X corporation.
The two corporations have the same board of directors and Y
Corporation financed the operations of X corporation. May Y
Corporation be held liable for the debts of X Corporation?
Why?
 A: Yes, Y Corporation may be held liable for the debts of X
Corporation. The doctrine of piercing the veil of corporation
fiction applies to this case. The two corporations have the same
board of directors and Y Corporation owned substantially all of
the stocks of X Corporation, which facts justify the conclusion
that the latter is merely an extension of the personality of the
former, and that the former controls the policies of the latter.
Added to this is the fact that Y Corporation controls the
finances of X Corporation which is merely an adjunct, business
conduit or alter ego of Y Corporation. (CIR v. Norton & Harrison
Company, G.R. No. L‐17618, Aug. 31, 1964) (2001 Bar Question)
 Q. What are the components of a corporation?

 A: 
 Corporators – Those who compose a corporation, whether as
stockholders or members
 Incorporators – They are those mentioned in the Articles of
Incorporation as originally forming and composing the
corporation and who are signatories thereof.
 Directors and trustees – The Board of Directors is the
governing body in a stock corporation while the Board of
Trustees is the governing body in a non‐stock corporation.
 Corporate officers – they are the officers who are identified as
such in the Corporation Code, the Articles of Incorporation,
or the By‐laws of the corporation.
 Stockholders – Owners of shares of stock in a stock
corporation.
 Members – Corporators of a corporation which has no
capital stock. They are not owners of shares of stocks, and

their membership depends on terms provided in the
articles of incorporation or by‐laws (Sec. 91).

 Promoter – A person who, acting alone or with others, takes

initiative in founding and organizing the business or
enterprise of the issuer and receives consideration therefor.
(Sec. 3.10, R.A. No. 8799, SRC)
 Subscriber – persons who have agreed to take and pay for
original, unissued shares of a corporation formed or to be
formed.
 Underwriter – a person who guarantees on a firm
commitment and/or declared best effort basis the
distribution and sale of securities of any kind by another.
 Q: What are the required number and the
qualifications of incorporators in a stock
corporation?

 A: 
 Natural person
 GR: Not less than 5 but not more than 15
 XPN: Corporation sole
 Of legal age
 Majority must be residents of the Philippines
 Each must own or subscribe to at least one share.
(Sec.10)
Q: Who can be incorporators?
A:

GR: Only natural persons can be
incorporators.
XPN: When otherwise allowed by law,
Rural Banks Act of 1992, where
incorporated cooperatives are allowed to
be incorporators of rural banks.
Incorporator Corporator
Signatory of the Articles of May or not be signatory of the Articles
Incorporation of Incorporation


Does not cease to be an incorporator Cease to be a corporator by sale of his
upon sale of his shares shares in case of stock corporation. In
case of non‐stock corporation, when the
corporator ceases to e a member.

GR: 5 to 15 natural persons No limit

XPN: In case of
cooperative,incorporator of rural bank;
corporation sole

Originally forms part of the corporation Not necessarily

GR: Filipino citizenship is not a Depending on the nature of business of

requirement. the corporation. If it is nationalized, the
XPN: When engaged in a business citizenship becomes material.
which is partly or wholly nationalized
where majority must be residents
 A. Corporation 1
 1. X Filipino residing in Canada
 2. Y Filipino residing in Phils.

 3. A British citizen residing in Phils
 4. B American citizen residing in Phils
 5. C Canadian citizen residing in Canada

 The AOI may be approved.

 1. natural person not less than 5 but not more than
15
 2. legal age
 3. majority resident s of RP
 Must at least own share of stock
Corporation No. 2
1. A Filipino citizen residing in RP

2. B Filipino citizen residing in RP
3. C Filipino citizen residing in USA
4. Filipino citizen residing in France
5. X Inc, a domestic corp
The AOI shall not be approved. X
is not a natural person though it
can subscribe to shares of Corp.
No. 2
Q: What are the capital stock requirements?
A:
GR: There is no minimum authorized capital stock

as long as the paid‐up capital is not less than
P5,000.00
XPN: As provided by special law (e.g. Banks).
Q: Is it required that each subscriber pay 25% of
each subscribed share?
A: No. It is only required that at least 25% of the
subscribed capital must be paid.

 Q: What is the term of corporate existence?
 A:


 GR: It depends on the period stated in the Articles of
Incorporation.
 XPN: Unless sooner dissolved or unless said period is
extended.
 Note: Extension may be made for periods not
exceeding (50) years in any single instance by an
amendment of the articles of incorporation. However,
extension must be made within 5 years before the
expiry date of the corporate term. Extention must also
comply with procedural requirements for amendment
of AOI.
 25-25 RULE

 AUTHORIZED CAPITAL STOCK– P 1 MILLION
 SUBSCRIBED CAPITAL STOCK– P 250,000.00
 PAID-UP CAPITAL STOCK – P 62,500

 ACS – P 20,000.00
 SCS – P 5,000
 PUCS – P 1,250

 25% - 25% RULE

 SCS – PUCS
 Q: What are the kinds or classifications of share?

 A:


Par value shares
No par value shares 
 Common shares
 Preferred shares
 Redeemable shares
 Treasury shares
 Founder’s share
 Voting shares
 Non‐voting shares
 Convertible shares
 Watered stock
 Fractional share
 Shares in escrow
 Over‐issued stock
 Street certificate
 Promotion share
 Q: What are par value shares?

 A: Shares with a value fixed in the articles of


incorporation and the certificates of stock. The par
value fixes the minimum issue price of the shares.
 Note: A corporation cannot sell less than the par
value but a shareholder may sell the same less than
the par value because it is his.
 Shares sold below its par value is called watered
stocks.
 Q: What are no par value shares?
 A: These are shares having no stated value in the
article of incorporation.
 Q: What are common shares?

 A: These are ordinarily and usually issued stocks

without extraordinary rights and privileges, and
entitle the shareholder to a pro rata division of

profits. It represents the residual ownership interest
in the corporation. The holders of this kind of share
have complete voting rights and they cannot be
deprived of the said rights except as provided by
law.

 Q: What are preferred shares?

 A: These entitle the shareholder to some priority on

distribution of dividends and assets over those
holders of common shares.
 Q: What are redeemable shares?
 A: These are shares of stocks issued by a corporation
which said corporation can purchase or take up from


their holders upon expiry of the period stated in
certificates of stock representing said shares (Sec. 8).
 Q: What are treasury shares?
 A: Shares that have been earlier issued as fully paid and
have thereafter been acquired by the corporation by
purchase, donation, and redemption or through some
lawful means. (Sec. 9)
 To put simply, these are shares reacquired by the
corporation. They are called treasury shares because they
remain in the corporate treasury until reissued. More
importantly, they have no:
 Voting Rights
 Right to dividends
 Q: What are founders' shares?
 A: Shares classified as such in the articles of
incorporation which may be given special preference

in voting rights and dividend payments. But if an
exclusive right to vote and be voted for as director is
granted, this privilege is subject to approval by the
SEC, and cannot exceed 5 years from the date of
approval. (Sec. 7)
 Q: What are voting shares?
 A: Shares with a right to vote. If the stock is
originally issued as voting stock, it may not
thereafter be deprived of the right to vote without
the consent of the holder.
Q: What are non‐voting shares?


A: Shares without right to vote.
The law only authorizes the denial of voting
rights in the case of redeemable shares and
preferred shares, provided that there shall
always be a class or series of shares which
have complete voting rights.
 Q: What are convertible shares?
 A: A share that is changeable by the stockholder
from one class to another at a certain price and


within a certain period.
 GR: Stockholder may demand conversion at his
pleasure.
 XPN: Otherwise restricted by the articles of
incorporation.
 Q: What is a fractional share?
 A: A share with a value of less than one full share.
 Q: What are shares in escrow?
 A: Subject to an agreement by virtue of which the
share is deposited by the grantor or his agent with a
third person to be kept by the depositary until the
performance of certain condition or the happening of
a certain event contained in the agreement.
Q: What is promotional share?


A: This is a share issued by promoters or
those in some way interested in the company,
for incorporating the company, or for
services rendered in launching or promoting
the welfare of the company.
 
Q: What are unrestricted retained
earnings (URE)?
A: These are surplus profits not
subject to encumbrance.
 Q: What is incorporation?
 A: It is the performance of conditions, acts, deeds,
and writings by incorporators, and the official acts,


certification or records, which give the corporation
its existence.
 Q: What are the steps in the creation of a
corporation?
 A:
 Promotion
 Incorporation (Sec10)
 Formal organization and commencement of business
operations ( Sec22)
 Q: Define articles of incorporation.


 A: Articles of Incorporation (AOI) is one that defines
the charter of the corporation and the contractual
relationships between the State and the corporation,
the stockholders and the State, and between the
corporation and its stockholders.
 Q: What are the contents of AOI?
 A: NaP‐ PlaTINum‐ASONO
 Name of corporation


 Purpose/s, indicating the primary and secondary
purposes
 Place of principal office
 Note: To determine proper venue in filing of an action
 Term of existence
 Names, nationalities and residences of Incorporators
 Number of directors or trustees, which shall not be less
than 5 nor more than 15, except for corporation sole
 Names, nationalities, and residences of the persons who
shall Act as directors or trustees until the first regular
ones are elected and qualified
 If a Stock corporation, the amount of its authorized
capital stock, number of shares and in case the shares are
par value shares, the par value of each share;
 Names, nationalities, number of shares, and the
amounts subscribed and paid by each of the Original

subscribers which shall not be less than 25% of
authorized capital stock;
 If Non‐stock, the amount of capital, the names,
residences, and amount paid by each contributor,
which shall not be less than 25% of total
subscription; name of treasurer elected by
subscribers; and
 Other matters as are not inconsistent with law and
which the incorporators may deem necessary and
convenient. (Sec. 14)
 Q: What are the limitations in the amendment of
AOI?

 A:

 The amendment must be for legitimate purposes and
must not be contrary to other provisions of the
Corporation Code and Special laws;
 Approved by majority of BOD/BOT;
 Vote or written assent of stockholders representing
2/3 of the outstanding capital stock or 2/3 of
members;
 The original and amended articles together shall
contain all provisions required by law to be set out in
the articles of incorporation. Such articles, as
amended, shall be indicated by underscoring the
change/s made;
 5. Certification under oath by corporate secretary and a
majority of the BOD/BOT stating the fact that said
amendment/s have been duly approved by the required vote


of the stockholders or members, shall be submitted to the
SEC;
 6. Must be approved by SEC. (Sec. 16);
 7. Must be accompanied by a favorable recommendation of
the appropriate government agency in cases of:
 a. Banks
 b. Banking and quasi‐banking institutions
 c. Building and loan associations
 d. Trust companies and other financial intermediaries
 e. Insurance companies
 f. Public utilities
 g. Educational institutions
 h. Other corporations governed by special laws. (Sec. 17 [2])
 Q: When does amendment of AOI take effect?
 A: Upon approval by the SEC. That is upon issuance
of amended certificate of incorporation.

 Q: Is it necessary that the approval of SEC be
express?
 A: No, implied approval of SEC is also allowed. Thus
amendment may also take effect from the date of
filing with SEC if not acted upon within 6 months
from the date of filing for a cause not attributable to
the corporation.
 Q: What are the provisions of AOI that cannot be
amended?
 A: Those matters referring to accomplished facts,


except to correct mistakes.

 E.g.
 Names of incorporators
 Names of original subscribers to the capital stock of
the corporation and their subscribed and paid up
capital
 Names of the original directors
 Treasurer elected by the original subscribers
 Members who contributed to the initial capital of the
non‐stock corporation
 Witnesses to and acknowledgement with AOI
 Q: What are the grounds for the rejection or
disapproval of AOI or amendment thereto by the
SEC?

 A: 
 If such is not substantially in accordance with the
form prescribed
 The purpose/s of the corporation are patently
unconstitutional, illegal, immoral, or contrary to
government rules and regulations
 The treasurer’s affidavit concerning the amount of
capital stock subscribed and/or paid is false
 The required percentage of ownership of the capital
stock to be owned by Filipino citizens has not been
complied with. (Sec. 17)
 Q: Is there an automatic rejection of the AOI or any
amendment thereto?


 A: No, the SEC shall give the incorporators a
reasonable time within which to correct or modify
the objectionable portions of the AOI or
amendment.(Sec. 17[1])
 Q: What is the effect of non‐use of corporate charter
and continuous inoperation of a corporation?

 A:

 Failure to organize and commence business within 2 years
from incorporation – its corporate powers ceases and
the corporation shall be deemed dissolve.

 Continuous inoperation for at least 5 years – ground for

the suspension or
 revocation of corporate franchise or certificate of
incorporation (Sec. 22).
 Q: What are the limitations in adopting corporate
name?

 A:


 The proposed name is identical or deceptively or
confusingly similar to that of any existing
corporation
 Any other name protected by law; or
 Patently deceptive, confusing or contrary to existing
laws. (Sec. 18)
 The corporate name shall contain the word
“Corporation” or its abbreviation “Corp.” or
“Incorporated”, or “Inc.”
 The partnership name shall contain the word
“Company” or “Co.”
 For limited partnership, the word “Limited” or
“Ltd.” Shall be included
 If the name or surname of a person is used as part of
a corporate or partnership name, the consent of said

person or his heirs must be submitted except if that
person is a stockholder, member, partner or a
declared national hero.
 The name of a dissolved firm shall not be allowed to
be used by other firms within 3 years after the
approval of the dissolution of the corporation by
SEC, unless allowed by the last stockholders
representing at least majority of the outstanding
capital stock of the dissolved firm (SEC Memorandum
Circular 14).
 CORPORATE NAMES
 House of Investments engaged in investments vs House

of Insurance Inc. Engaged in insurance – no similarity.
House is generic
 Lyceum of the Philippines – Lyceum is a generic name
that means school and can be used by other educational
institutions
 Philips Export B.V. Vs Philips Industrial Development
Inc. – Philips is a dominant word and may cause
confusion
 Universal Textile Mills Inc. vs Universal Mills
Corporation – similar since the latter also manufactures,
dyes and sell fabrics
General Electric vs Pangkalahatang
Elekstrisidad – similar as the other is the
Tagalog version 
Armco Steel Corporation of Ohio USA vs
Armco Steel Corporation which is a
Philippine corporation – the former can have
the name of the latter changed even if the
latter’s name has been approved by the SEC
Q: If a corporation changes its corporate
name, is it considered a new corporation?


A: No, it is the same corporation with a
different name, and its character is in no
respect changed. (Republic Planter’s Bank v.
CA, G.R. No. 93073, Dec 21, 1992)
 Q: What are the basic requirements for a stock
corporation?

 A:
 Name verification slip

 AOI and by‐laws
 Treasurer’s affidavit
 Registration data sheet
 Proof of payment of subscription like Bank
Certificate of Deposit if the paid‐up capital is in cash
 Favorable endorsement from proper government
agency in case of special corporations.
 Q: What is the content of a treasurer’s affidavit?


 A: That at least 25% of the authorized capital stock of
the corporation has been subscribed, and at least 25%
of the total subscription has been fully paid in actual
cash and/or property; such paid‐up capital being not
less than P5,000.

 Capital Stock Terms
 Capital stock. Amount specified in the articles of
incorporation paid in for carrying on of the business of
the corporation.

 Authorized capital stock. Total amount of shares
which a corporation is allowed to issue if shares have
a par value.
 Subscribed capital stock. Part of capital stock which is
subscribed, whether paid or unpaid
 Outstanding capital stock. Total shares of stock issued
to subscribers/stockholders, whether or not fully or
partially paid, except treasury shares.
 Paid up capital stock. Part of subscribed stock paid to
the corporation.
 Unissued capital stock. Part of capital stock which is
not issued nor subscribed.
 Legal capital. Total par value of all issued par value
shares or total cash/consideration received for all issued
no par value shares.
 Example Problem:
 The articles of incorporation of Pol Corporation
provide for an authorized capital stock of PHP
10,000,000 divided into 10,000 shares each. At the

time of incorporation, 25% of the authorized capital
stock was subscribed of which 25% was paid.
 Find for:
 Authorized capital stock – PHP 10,000,000
 Subscribed capital stock – PHP 2,500,000 (10M x
25%)
 Outstanding capital stock – PHP 2,500,000
 Unissued capital stock – PHP 7,500,000 (10M – 2.5M)
 Paid up capital stock – PHP 625,000 (10M x 25% x
25%)
 Legal capital – PHP 2,500,000

 Shares of Stock.One of the units into which the
capital stock of the corporation is divided.
 Stock Certificate.Written acknowledgement by the

corporation of the stockholder’s interest in the
corporation.
 Par Value Stock. Nominal value of which appears to
the stock certificate.
 No Par Value Stock. One without any nominal or par
value appearing of stock certificates

Q: What is the doctrine of corporate
entity?
A: 
GR: A corporation comes into existence
upon the issuance of the certificate of
incorporation. Then and only then will
it acquire a juridical personality.
XPN: Sec. 112 clearly states that from
and after the filing with the SEC of the
articles of incorporation, the chief
archbishop shall become corporation
sole
 Q: Who are the corporate officers?

 A:

 President – Must be a director at the time the assumes
office, not at the time of appointment;
 Treasurer – May or may not be a director; as a matter
of sound corporate practice, must be a resident
 Secretary – Need not be a director unless required by
the by‐laws; must be a resident and citizen of the
Philippines; (Sec. 25); and
 Such other officers as may be provided in the by‐laws.
 Incorporation and Organization of Private
Corporations

 Steps in Incorporation

 Verification with SEC of the name to be used. No
corporate name shall be allowed if the proposed name
is:
 Identical or deceptively similar to any existing
corporation or any other name protected by law
 Patently deceptive, confusing or contrary to existing
laws.
 Drafting and execution of articles of incorporation
signed by the incorporators.
 Q: Briefly discuss the doctrine of corporate opportunity
(2005)
 A: It is where a director, by virtue of his office, acquires
for himself a business opportunity which should belong

to the corporation, thereby obtaining profits to the
prejudice of such corporation In such a case, a director
shall refund to the corporation all the profits he realizes
on a business opportunity which: 1. The corporation is
financially able to undertake; 2. From its nature, is in line
with corporations business and is of practical advantage
to it; and 3. The corporation has an interest or a
reasonable expectancy, unless the act has been ratified by
a vote of the stockholders owning or representing at least
two-thirds of the outstanding capital stock. This shall
apply notwithstanding the fact that the director risked his
own funds in the venture (Sec 34, CCP).
Q: What are by‐laws?
A: Rules and regulations or private

laws enacted by the corporation to
regulate, govern and control its own
actions, affairs and concerns and of its
stockholders or members and directors
and officers in relation thereto and
among themselves in their relation to it.
 Q: What are the requisites for the validity of by‐laws?

 A:

 Must be consistent with the Corporation Code, other
pertinent laws and regulations
 Must not be contrary to morals and public policy

 Must not impair obligations and contracts or property

rights of stockholders
 Must be consistent with the charter or articles of
incorporation
 Must be reasonable
 Must be of general application and not directed against a
particular individual
 Q: What are the contents of by‐laws?

 A:

 Time, place and manner of calling and conducting
regular or special meetings of directors or trustees
 Time and manner of calling and conducting regular
or special meetings of the stockholder or members
 The required quorum in meeting of stockholders or
members and the manner of voting therein
 The form for proxies of stockholders and members
and the manner of voting them
 The qualification, duties and compensation of
directors or trustees, officers and employees
 Time for holding the annual election of directors or
trustees and the mode or manner of giving notice
thereof 
 Manner of election or appointment and the term of
office of all officers other than directors or trustees
 Penalties for violation of the by‐laws
 In case of stock corporations, the manner of issuing
certificates
 Such other matters as may be necessary for the
proper or convenient transaction of its corporate
business and affairs. (Sec. 47)
 Q: What are the kinds of powers of corporation?

 A:

 Express powers – Granted by law, Corporation Code, and
its Articles of Incorporation or Charter, and
administrative regulations

 Inherent/incidental powers – Not expressly stated but are

deemed to be within the capacity of corporate entities.

 Implied/necessary powers – Exists as a necessary

consequence of the exercise of the express powers of the
corporation or the pursuit of its purposes as provided for
in the Charter
 Q: What are the general powers of a corporation?
 A: SuSuCo‐ABSP‐MEDPO
 To SUe and be sued
 Of SUccession

 To adopt and use of Corporate seal
 To amend its Articles of Incorporation
 To adopt its By‐laws
 For Stock corporations: issue and sell stocks to
subscribers and treasury stocks; for non‐stock
corporations: admit members
 To Purchase, receive, take or grant, hold, convey,
sell, lease, pledge, mortgage and deal with real and
personal property, securities and bonds;
 8. To Enter into merger or consolidation
 9. To Make reasonable Donations for public

welfare, hospital, charitable, cultural, scientific,
civic or similar purposes, provided that no donation
is given to any
 a. Political party,
 b. Candidate and
 c. Partisan political activity.
 10. To establish Pension, retirement, and other plans
for the benefit of its directors, trustees, officers and
employees – basis of which is the labor code
 11. To exercise Other powers essential or necessary
to carry out its purposes.
 Q: What are the specific powers of a corporation?

 A:



Power to extend or shorten corporate term. (Sec. 37)
Increase or decrease corporate stock. (Sec. 38)
 Incur, create, or increase bonded indebtedness. (Sec. 38)
 Deny pre‐emptive right. (Sec. 39)
 Sell, dispose, lease, encumber all or substantially all of
corporate assets. (Sec. 40)
 Purchase or acquire shares. (Sec. 41)
 Invest corporate funds in another corporation or business
for other purpose other than primary purpose .(Sec. 42)
 Declare dividends out of unrestricted retained earnings.
(Sec. 43
Enter into management contract with
another corporation (not with an

individual or a partnership – within
general powers) whereby one
corporation undertakes to manage all
or substantially all of the business of
the other corporation for a period not
longer than five (5) years for any one
term. (Sec. 44)
Amend Articles of Incorporation. (Sec.
16)
 Q: What are the procedural requirements in
extending/shortening corporate term?


 A:
 Majority vote of the BOD or BOT;
 Ratification by 2/3 of the SH representing outstanding capital
stock or by at least 2/3 of the members in case of non‐stock
corporation;
 Written notice of the proposed action and of the time and place
of the meeting shall be addressed to each stockholder or
member at his place of residence as shown on the books of the
corporation and deposited to the addressee in the post office
with postage prepaid, or served personally;

 Copy of the amended AOI shall be submitted to the SEC for its
approval; and
 In case of special corporation, a favorable recommendation of
appropriate government agency. (Sec. 37)
 Q: What are the procedural requirements in
increasing or decreasing capital stock?
 A:
 Majority vote of the BOD;

 Ratification by stockholders representing 2/3 of
the outstanding capital stock;
 Written notice of the proposed increase or
diminution of the capital stock and of the time
and place of the stockholder’s meeting at which
the proposed increase or diminution of the capital
stock must be addressed to each stockholder at
his place of residence as shown on the books of
the corporation and deposited to the addressee in
the post office with postage prepaid, or served
personally
 4. A certificate in duplicate must be signed by a
majority vote of the directors of the corporation and

countersigned by the chairman and the secretary of
the stockholder’s meeting, setting forth:
 a. That the foregoing requirements have been
complied with;
 b. The amount of increase or diminution of the
capital stock;
 c. If an increase of the capital stock, the amount of
capital stock or number of shares of no par stock
actually subscribed, the names, nationalities and
residences of the persons subscribing, the amount
 of capital stock or number of no par stock subscribed
by each, and the amount paid by each on his

subscription in cash or property, or the amount of
capital stock or number of shares of no par stock
allotted to each stockholder if such increase is for the
purpose of making effective stock dividend
authorized;
 d. The amount of stock represented at the meeting;
and
 e. The vote authorizing the increase or diminution of
the capital stock
 Q: What is pre‐emptive right?
 A: It is the preferential right of shareholders to
subscribe to all issues or disposition of shares of

any class in proportion to their present
shareholdings. (Sec. 39)

 Q: What is the purpose of pre‐emptive right?

 A: To enable the shareholder to retain his
proportionate control in the corporation and to
retain his equity in the surplus.
 POWER TO SLEMPO


 Q: What are the procedural requirements?

 A:
 Majority vote of the BOD or BOT
 Ratification by stockholders representing at least 2/3 of
the outstanding capital stock or by at least 2/3 of the
members in case of non‐stock corporation
 Written notice of the proposed action and of the time and
place of the meeting addressed to each stockholder or
member at his place of residence as shown on the books
of the corporation and deposited to the addressee in the
post office with postage prepaid, or served personally.
(Sec. 40)
 POWER TO ACQUIRE OWN SHAREXS

 Q: Can a corporation acquire its own shares?

 A:

 GR: In the absence of statutory authority, the
corporation cannot acquire its own shares
 XPN: SEC Opinion, Oct. 12, 1992, imposed the following
conditions on its exercise:
 The capital of the corporation must not be impaired;
 Legitimate and proper corporate objective is
advanced;
 Condition of the corporate affairs warrants it;
 Transaction is designed and carried out in good faith
 Interest of creditors not impaired, that is, not violative
of the trust fund doctrine.
 INVEST IN BUSINESS OTHER THAN THE
PRIMARY PURPOSE


 Q: What are the requirements?

 A:
 Approval by the majority vote of the BOD or BOT
 Ratification by stockholders representing at least 2/3
of the outstanding capital stock or by at least 2/3 of
the members in case of non‐stock corporation
 Ratification must be made at a meeting duly called
for the purposes, and
 Prior written notice of the proposed investment and
the time and place of the meeting shall be made
addressed to each stockholder or member by mail or
by personal service.
 Q: What are the requirements?

 A:

 Existence of unrestricted retained earnings
 Resolution of the board

 In case of stock dividend, resolution of the board

with the concurrence of votes representing 2/3 of
outstanding capital.
 ENTER IN A MANAGEMENT CONTRACT
 Q: What are the requirements?


 A:
 1. Contract must be approved by the majority of the BOD or
BOT of both managing and managed corporation;
 2. Ratified by the stockholders owning at least the majority of
the outstanding capital stock, or members in case of a non‐stock
corporation, of both the managing and the managed
corporation, at a meeting duly called for the purpose
 3. Contract must be approved by the stockholders of the
managed corporation owning at least 2/3 of the outstanding
capital stock entitled to vote, 2/3 members when:
 a. Stockholders representing the same interest in both of the
managing and the managed corporation own or control more
than 1/3 of the total outstanding capital stock entitled to vote of
the managing corporation;
 b. Majority of the members of the BOD of the managing
corporation also constitute a majority of the BOD of the
managed corporation.
 Q: What is the Doctrine of Individuality of
Subscription?


 A: A subscription is one entire and indivisible
whole contract. It cannot be divided into portions.
(Sec. 64)
 Q: What is the doctrine of equality of shares?


 A: Where the articles of incorporation do not
provide for any distinction of the shares of stock,
all shares issued by the corporation are presumed
to be equal and enjoy the same rights and
privileges and are also subject to the same
liabilities. (Sec. 6)
 Q: What is the trust fund doctrine?


 A: The subscribed capital stock of the corporation
is a trust fund for the payment of debts of the
corporation which the creditors have the right to
look up to satisfy their credits, and which the
corporation may not dissipate. The creditors may
sue the stockholders directly for the latter’s unpaid
subscription.
 Q: How does one become a shareholder in a
corporation?


 A: A person becomes a shareholder the moment he:
 Enters into a subscription contract with an existing
corporation (he is a stockholder upon acceptance of
the corporation of his offer to subscribe whether the
consideration is fully paid or not),
 Purchase treasury shares from the corporation, or
 Acquires shares from existing shareholders by sale or
any other contract.
 Q: What are the rights of stockholders?

 A:
 1. Management Right

 a. To attend and vote in person or by proxy at a
stockholders’ meetings. (Secs. 50, 58)
 b. To elect and remove directors. (Secs. 24, 18)
 c. To approve certain corporate acts. (Sec. 58)
 d. To compel the calling of the meetings. (Sec. 50)
 e. To have the corporation voluntarily dissolved.
(Sec. 118, 119)
 f. To enter into a voting trust agreement. (Sec. 59)
 g. To adopt/amend/repeal the by‐laws or adopt new
by‐laws. (Secs. 46, 48)

 2. Proprietary rights
 a. To transfer stock in the corporate book. (Sec. 63)
 b. To receive dividends when declared .(Sec. 43)
 c. To the issuance of certificate of stock or other
evidence of stock ownership. (Sec. 63)
 d. To participate in the distribution of corporate
assets upon dissolution. (Sec. 118, 119)
 e. To pre‐emption in the issue of shares. (Sec. 39)
 3. Remedial rights
 a. To inspect corporate books. (Sec. 74)

 b. To recover stock unlawfully sold for delinquency.
(Sec. 69)
 c. To demand payment in the exercise of appraisal
right. (Secs. 41, 81)
 d. To be furnished recent financial statements or
reports of the corporation’s operation (Sec. 75);
 e. To bring suits (derivative suit, individual suit, and
representative suit).
 Q: Who is entitled to receive dividends?
 A:
 GR: Those stockholders at the time of declaration.
Dividends belong to the person who owns the

stock when the dividend is declared.
 XPN:
 In case a record date is provided for. A record date is
the future date specified in the resolution declaring
dividend that the dividend shall be payable to those
who are stockholders of record on such specified
future date or as of the date of the meeting declaring
such dividends.
 Unpaid Subscribers. Section 72 provides that holders
of shares not fully paid which are not delinquent
shall have all the rights of a stock holde
 
 Q: What is Preemptive right?
 A: It is the preferential right of shareholders to
subscribe to all issues or disposition of shares of
any class in proportion to their present
shareholdings. (Sec. 39)
 Q: What are the obligations of stockholders?
 A: The stockholders have the following
obligations:

 Obligation to pay the corporation for the unpaid
subscription including interest therein;
 Obligation to pay the creditors of the corporation to
the extent of their subscription if the corporate assets
are not sufficient
 
 MEETINGS
REGULAR MEETING


Annually on date fixed in the by‐laws;
or
2. If there is no date in the by‐laws –
any date in April as determined by the
board.

Venue: In the city or municipality where

the principal office is located
NOTICE


Within the period provided in the
by‐laws
In the absence of provision in the
by‐laws – 2 weeks prior to the meeting.
SPECIAL MEETING


Any time deemed necessary; or
As provided in the by‐laws

Venue: Principal office

NOTICE


Within the period provided in the
by‐laws
If no provision in the by‐laws – 1 week
prior to the meeting

 Q: What is the required quorum in a stock
corporation?
 A:

 GR: Shall consist of the stockholders representing
majority of the outstanding capital stock or a
majority of the actual and living members with
voting rights, in the case of non‐stock corporation.
(Tan v. Sycip, G.R. No. 153468, Aug. 17, 2006)
 Q: Who shall exercise corporate powers?
 A:
 GR: The Board of Directors or the Board of Trustees
(Sec. 23).
 XPN: 
 In case of delegation to the Executive Committee
duly authorized in the by‐laws;

 Authorization pursuant to a contracted manager

which may be an individual, a partnership, or
another corporation.
 Note: In case the contracted manager is another
corporation, the special rule in Sec. 44 applies.
 In case of close corporations, the stockholders may
manage the business of the corporation instead by a
board of directors, if the articles of incorporation so
provide.
Q: What is the term of office of BOD/BOT?
A:


GR: The regular director shall hold office for 1
year.
XPN: If no election is held, the directors and
officers shall hold position under a hold‐over
capacity until their successors are elected and
qualified. This is applicable to a going
concern where there is no break in the exercise
of the duties of the officers and directors. (SEC
Opinion, Dec. 15, 1989).
 Q: What are the qualifications of a director?

 A:

 Must own at least 1 share of the capital stock;
 Note: Ownership of stock shall stand in his
name on the books of the corporation.
 A person who does not own a stock at the time of
his election or appointment does not disqualify
him as director if he becomes a shareholder before
assuming the duties of his office. (SEC Opinions,
Nov. 9, 1987 & Apr. 5, 1990)
 Must be a natural person;
 Note: What is material is the legal title, not
beneficial ownership of the stock as appearing
on the books of the corporation.
 Q: What are the additional qualifications provided
by the Revised Code of Corporate Governance?
 A: A director should have the following:

 College education or equivalent academic degree
 Practical understanding of the business of the
corporation
 Membership in good standing in relevant industry,
business or professional organizations
 Previous business experience (Art 3. [D], RCCG)
 Q: What is doctrine of corporate opportunity?
 A: Where a director, by virtue of his office, acquires

for himself a business opportunity which should
belong to the corporation, thereby obtaining profits
to the prejudice of such corporation:
 A director shall refund to the corporation all the
profits he realizes on a business opportunity (Sec. 34)
which:
 The corporation is financially able to undertake;
 From its nature, is in line with corporations business
and is of practical advantage to it; and
 The corporation has an interest or a reasonable
expectancy.
 Q: Malyn, Schiera and Jaz are the directors of Patio
Investments, a close corporation formed to run the
Patio Cafe, an al fresco coffee shop in Makati City. In
2000, Patio Cafe began experiencing financial


reverses, consequently, some of the checks it issued
to its beverage distributors and employees bounced.
 In October 2003, Schiera informed Malyn that she
found a location for a second cafe in Taguig City.
Malyn objected because of the dire financial
condition of the corporation.
 Sometime in April 2004, Malyn learned about Fort
Patio Cafe located in Taguig City and that its
development was undertaken by a new corporation
known as Fort Patio, Inc., where
 both Schiera and Jaz are directors. Malyn also
found that Schiera and Jaz, on behalf of Patio
Investments, had obtained a loan of P500, 000.00,
from PBCom Bank, for the purpose of opening Fort


Patio Cafe. This loan was secured by the assets of
Patio Investments and personally guaranteed by
Schiera and Jaz.
 Malyn then filed a corporate derivative action
before the Regional Trial Court of Makati City
against Schiera and Jaz, alleging that the two
directors had breached their fiduciary duties by
misappropriating money and assets of Patio
Investments in the operation of Fort Patio Cafe.
 Did Schiera and Jaz violate the principle of
corporate opportunity? Explain.
 
 A: Shciera and Jaz violated the principle of
corporate opportunity, because they used Patio
Investments to obtain a loan, mortgaged its assets
and used the proceeds of the loan to acquire a
coffee shop through a corporation they formed.
(Sec. 34) (2005 Bar Question)
Q: What is a certificate of stock?


A: It is a paper representation or tangible
evidence of the stock itself and of various
interests therein (Tan v. SEC, G.R. No. 95696,
Mar. 3, 1992)
 Q: What are the requisites for the issuance of the
Certificate of Stock?
 A:


 The certificate must be signed by the president or
vice‐president, countersigned by the secretary or assistant
secretary
 The certificate must be sealed with the seal of the
corporation
 The certificate must be delivered
 The par value as to par value shares, or full subscription as
to no par value shares must be fully paid, the basis of
which is the doctrine of indivisibility of subscription
 The original certificate must be surrendered where the
person requesting the issuance of a certificate is a
transferee from the stockholder (Bitong v. CA., G.R. No.
123553, July 13, 1998).
SHARE OF STOCK CERTIFICATE OF STOCK

Unit of interest in a corporation Evidence of the holder’s ownership

of the stock and of his right as a
shareholder and of his extent

specified therein

It is an incorporeal or intangible It is concrete and tangible

property

It may be issued by the corporation It may be issued only if the

even if the subscription is not fully subscription is fully paid.
paid.
Q: What is the nature of a certificate of
stock?


A: A certificate of stock is a prima facie proof
that the stock described therein is valid and
genuine in the absence of an evidence to the
contrary
Q: What is an uncertificated share?


A: An uncertificated share is a
subscription duly recorded in the
corporate books but has no
corresponding certificate of stock yet
issued.
Q: May a stockholder alienate his
shares even if there is no certificate of
stock issued by the corporation?


A: Yes. The absence of a certificate of

stock does not preclude the stock
holder from alienating or transferring
his shares of stock.
Q: A is the registered owner of Stock
Certificate No. 000011. He entrusted the
possession of said certificate to his best

friend B who borrowed the said endorsed
certificate to support B's application for
passport (or for a purpose other than
transfer). But Bsold the certificate to X, a
bona fide purchaser who relied on the
endorsed certificates and believed him to be
the owner thereof.
Can A claim the shares of stocks from X?
Explain
A: No. Since the shares were already
transferred to "B", "A" cannot claim the

shares of stock from "X". The certificate
of stock covering said shares have been
duly endorsed by "A" and entrusted by
him to "B". By his said acts, "A" is now
estopped from claiming said shares
from "X", a bona fide purchaser who
relied on the endorsement by “A” of
the certificate of stock. (2001 Bar
Question)
 Q: What are the requirements for a valid transfer of
stock?

 A: 
 The certificate of stock must be duly endorsed by the
transferor or his legal representative.
 There must be delivery of the stock certificate.
 To be valid against third parties, the transfer must be
recorded in the books of the corporation. (G.R. No.
124535, September 28, 2001)
Q: A is the registered owner of Stock
Certificate No. 000011. He entrusted the
possession of said certificate to his best

friend B who borrowed the said
endorsed certificate to support B's
application for passport (or for a
purpose other than transfer). But Bsold
the certificate to X, a bona fide purchaser
who relied on the endorsed certificates
and believed him to be the owner
thereof.
Can A claim the shares of stocks from X?
Explain.
A: No. Since the shares were already
transferred to "B", "A" cannot claim the

shares of stock from "X". The certificate
of stock covering said shares have been
duly endorsed by "A" and entrusted by
him to "B". By his said acts, "A" is now
estopped from claiming said shares
from "X", a bona fide purchaser who
relied on the endorsement by “A” of
the certificate of stock. (2001 Bar
Question
Q: Who may make proper entries in
stock and transfer books?

A: The obligation and duty falls on the
corporate secretary. If the corporate
secretary refuses to comply, the
stockholder may rightfully bring suit to
compel performance. The stockholder
cannot take the law on to his hands;
otherwise such entry shall be void.
(Torres, Jr. v. CA, G.R. No. 120138, Sept.
5, 1997)
Q: What is the probative value of the
stock and transfer book?


A: The entries are considered prima

facie evidence of the matters stated
therein and may be subject to proof to
the contrary (Bitong v. CA, G.R. No.
123553, July 13, 1999).
 Q: What is the procedure for the issuance of a new
stock certificate in lieu of those which have been lost,
stolen or destroyed?

 A: 
 The registered owner of a certificate of stock in a
corporation or his legal representative shall file with
the corporation an affidavit in triplicate setting forth,
if possible, the circumstances as to how the certificate
was lost, stolen or destroyed, the number of shares
represented by such certificate, the serial number of
the certificate and the name of the corporation which
issued the same.
After verifying the affidavit and other
information and evidence with the books of the

corporation, said corporation shall publish a
notice in a newspaper of general circulation
published in the place where the corporation
has its principal office, once a week for three (3)
consecutive weeks at the expense of the
registered owner of the certificate of stock
which has been lost, stolen or destroyed.
 After the expiration of one (1) year from the date of the
last publication, if no contest has been presented to said
corporation regarding said certificate of stock, the right

to make such contest shall be barred and said
corporation shall cancel in its books the certificate of
stock which has been lost, stolen or destroyed and issue
in lieu thereof new certificate of stock.
 If the registered owner files a bond or other security
effective for a period of one (1) year, a new certificate
may be issued even before the expiration of the one (1)
year period.
Q: May the corporation be sued for the
issuance of new certificates of stock in

case of lost or destroyed certificate?

A: No, the corporation cannot be sued

unless there is bad faith, fraud or
negligence present.
 Q: A stockholder claimed that his stock certificate
was lost. After going through with the procedure
for the issuance of lost certificate, and no contest


was presented within 1 year from the last
publication, the corporation issued a new
certificate of stock in lieu of the supposed lost
certificate. The stockholder immediately sold his
shares and endorsed the replacement certificate to a
buyer. It turned out that the original certificate was
not lost, but sold and endorsed to another person.
(1) May the corporation be made liable by the
aggrieved party? (2) Who will have a better right
over the shares, the endorsee of the original
certificate or the endorsee of the replacement
certificate?
 A:
 No, the corporation cannot be made liable. Except in
cases of fraud, bad faith, or negligence on the part of the

corporation and its officers, no action may be brought
against any corporation which have issued certificates of
stock in lieu of those lost, stolen, or destroyed pursuant to
the procedure prescribed by law.
 The endorsee of the replacement certificate has a better
right to the shares. After expiration of 1 year from the
date of the last publication, and no contest has been
presented to said corporation regarding said certificate,
the right to make such contest has been barred and said
corporation already cancelled in its books the certificate
which have been lost, stolen, or destroyed and issued in
lieu thereof new certificate.
 Q: When may a corporation issue a replacement
certificate of subscription without waiting for the
expiration of one year?

 A: The registered owner shall file a bond or other
security effective for a period of one (1) year in
which case a new certificate may be issued even
before the expiration of the one (1) year period.
Provided, That if a contest has been presented to said
corporation or if an action is pending in court
regarding the ownership of said certificate of stock
which has been lost, stolen or destroyed, the issuance
of the new certificate of stock in lieu thereof shall be
suspended until the final decision by the court
regarding the ownership of said certificate of stock
which has been lost, stolen or destroyed. (Sec. 73)
 Q: What is a watered stock?
 A: A stock issued in exchange for cash, property,
share, stock dividends, or services lesser than its par
value. 
 Watered Stocks include stocks:
 Issued without consideration (bonus share)
 Issued for a consideration other than cash, the fair
valuation of which is less than its par or issued value
(discount share)
 Issued as stock dividend when there are no sufficient
retained earnings to justify it
 Issued as fully paid when the corporation has
received a lesser sum of money than its par or issued
value
 Q: What is the trust fund doctrine?


 A: The subscribed capital stock of the corporation is
a trust fund for the payment of debts of the
corporation which the creditors have the right to
look up to satisfy their credits, and which the
corporation may not dissipate.
Q: What are the modes of dissolution of
corporation?


A: Voluntary and Involuntary

dissolution.
 Q: What are the voluntary modes of dissolution of a
corporation?
 A:
 1. Where no creditors are affected
 Procedure: 
 a. Majority vote of the board of directors or trustees; and
 b. Resolution duly adopted by the affirmative vote of the
stockholders owning at least 2/3 of the outstanding
capital stock or at least 2/3 of the members at a meeting
duly called for that purpose.
 c. A copy of the resolution authorizing the dissolution
shall be certified by a majority of the board of directors or
trustees and countersigned by the secretary of the
corporation.
 d. Such copy shall be filed with SEC. (Sec. 118)
 2. Where creditors are affected
 Procedure:
 a. Filing a petition for dissolution with the SEC


 b. Such petition must be signed by majority of the board
of directors or trustees
 c. Must also be verified by the president or secretary or
one of its directors
 d. The dissolution was resolved upon by the affirmative
vote of the stockholders representing at least 2/3 of the
outstanding capital stock or at least 2/3 of the members
at a meeting duly called for that purpose.
 e. If there is no sufficient objection, and the material
allegations of the petition are true, a judgment shall be
rendered dissolving the corporation and directing such
disposition of its assets as justice requires, and may
appoint a receiver to collect such assets and pay the
debts of the corporation. (Sec. 119)
 By shortening the corporate term – A voluntary
dissolution may be effected by amending the AOI to
shorten its corporate term pursuant to the provisions
of the Code. A copy of the amended AOI shall be

submitted to the SEC. Upon approval of the
amended AOI of the expiration of the shortened
term, the corporation shall be deemed dissolved
without any further proceedings, subject to the
provisions of the Code on liquidation.
 As an additional requirement, the SEC requires to
submit the final audited financial statement not older
than 60 days before the application for shortening
the corporate term.
 In case of a corporation sole, by submitting to the
SEC for approval, a verified declaration of
dissolution (Sec.115). This merely needs the affidavit
of the presiding elder. No need for a board
resolution.
 By merger or consolidation, whereby the constituent
corporations automatically cease upon issuance by

the SEC of the certificate of merger or consolidation,
except the surviving or consolidated corporation
which shall continue to exist. (Secs. 79 and 80)

 Expiration of the corporate term (Sec. 11).

 Q: What are the involuntary modes of dissolution
of a corporation?
 A:
 By expiration of corporate term

 Failure to organize and commence transaction of its
business within 2 years from date of incorporation
(Sec. 22).
 Continuous inoperation for a period of at least 5
years.
 Legislative dissolution. In this case, a corporation
created by special law is dissolved also by a special
law.

 Dissolution of SEC on grounds under existing laws.

Q: What are the modes of liquidation?

A:

By the corporation itself or its board of directors
or trustees; (Sec. 122, par. 1)
By a trustee to whom the assets of the
corporation had been conveyed. (Sec. 122, par. 2);
(Board of Liquidators v. Kalaw, G.R. No. L‐18805,
Aug. 14, 1967)
By a management committee or rehabilitation
receiver appointed by SEC; (Sec. 119, last par.)
Q: X Corporation shortened its
corporate life by amending its articles
of incorporation. It has no debts but

owns a prime property located in
Quezon City. How would the said
property be liquidated among the five
stockholders of said corporation?
Discuss two methods of liquidation.
 A: The prime property of X Corporation can be
liquidated among the five stockholders after the
property has been conveyed by the corporation to
the five stockholders, by dividing or partitioning it

among themselves in any two of the following ways:
 By physical division or partition based on the
proportion of the values of their stockholdings; or
 By selling the property to a third person and
dividing the proceeds among the five stockholders in
proportion to their stockholdings; or
 After the determination of the value of the property,
by assigning or transferring the property to one
stockholder with the obligation on the part of said
stockholder to pay the other four stockholders the
amount/s in proportion to the value of the
stockholding of each. (2001 Bar Question
 Q: What is a close corporation?

 A:
 1. Whose articles of incorporation provide that:

 a. All the corporation’s issued stock of all classes,
exclusive of treasury shares, shall be held of record
by not more than a specified number or persons not
exceeding twenty (20);
 b. All the issued stock of all classes shall be subject to
one or more specified restrictions on transfer;
 c. The corporation shall not list in any stock
exchange or make any public offering of any of its
stock of any class.
 2. Whose stocks, at least 2/3 of the voting stocks or
voting rights of which are owned or controlled by
another corporation which is a close corporation.
 Q: What are the characteristics of a close corporation?
 A:
 Stockholders may act as directors without need of election
and therefore are liable as directors

 Stockholders who are involved in the management of the
corporation are liable in the same manner as directors are
 Quorum may be greater than mere majority
 Transfer of stocks to others, which would increase the
number of stockholders to more than the maximum are
invalid
 Corporate actuations may be binding even without a formal
board meeting, if the stockholder had knowledge or ratified
the informal action of the others
 Pre‐emptive right extends to all stock issues
 Deadlock in board are settled by the SEC, on the written
petition by any stockholder
 Stockholder may withdraw and avail of his right of appraisal
Q: What cannot be a close corporation?
A: MOSBI PEP
Mining companies
Oil companies

Stock exchanges
Banks
Insurance companies
Public utility
Educational institutions
Other corporation declared to be vested
with Public interest. (Sec. 96)
Q: What is the concept of a non‐stock
corporation?
A: It is one where no part of its income is

distributable as dividends to its members.
Even if there is a statement of capital stock,
for as long as there is no distribution of
unrestricted retained earnings to its
members, the corporation is non‐stock.
Any profit which it may obtain as an incident
to its operations shall whenever necessary or
proper, be used in furtherance of the purpose
or purposes for which it was organized.
Q: For what purposes may a non‐stock
corporation be organized?
A: Non‐stock corporation may be

formed or organized for charitable,
religious, educational, professional,
cultural, fraternal, literary, scientific,
social, civic service, or similar
purposes, like trade, industry,
agriculture and like chambers, or any
combination thereof
Q: What is a religious corporation?


A: A corporation composed entirely of spiritual
persons and which is organized for the
furtherance of a religion or for perpetuating the
rights of the church or for the administration of
church or religious work or property. It is
different from an ordinary non‐stock corporation
organized for religious purposes. (Secs. 109‐ 116)
 Q: What are the kinds of Religious Corporation?

 A:

 Corporation sole – a special form of corporation,
usually associated with the clergy, consisting of one
person only and his successors, who is incorporated
by law to give some legal capacities and advantages
(Sec. 110);

 Religious societies or corporate aggregate – a non‐stock

corporation governed by a board but with religious
purposes. It is incorporated by an aggregate of persons,
religious order, diocese, synod, sect, etc. (Sec. 116)
Q: How is a corporation sole
organized?
A: By the mere filing of a verified
articles of incorporation with the
SEC without the need of an
issuance of a certificate of
incorporation. (Sec. 111
Q: What is the nationality of a corporation
sole?
A: A corporation sole does not have any

nationality but for purposes of applying
nationalization laws, nationality is
determined not by the nationality of its
presiding elder but by the nationality of its
members, constituting the sect in the
Philippines. Thus, the Roman Catholic
Church can acquire lands in the Philippines
even if it is headed by the Pope. (Roman
Catholic Apostolic Church v. Land Registration
Commission, G.R. No. L‐8451, Dec. 20, 1957)
Q: May a corporation sole acquire
property?

A: Yes, a corporation sole may
acquire property even without
court intervention by purchase,
donation and other lawful means.
 Q: How may a corporation sole alienate property?

 A:


 By obtaining an order from the RTC of the province
where the property is situated after notice of the
application for leave to sell or mortgage has been
given by publication or otherwise
 In cases where the rules, regulations and discipline
of the religious denomination, sect or church,
religious society or order concerned represented by
such corporation sole regulate the method of
acquiring, holding, selling and mortgaging real
estate and personal property, such rules, regulations
and discipline shall control, and the intervention of
the courts shall not be necessary. (Sec. 113)
Q: What are religious societies?
A: Religious societies are groups within a
religious denomination such as religious

order, diocese, synod or district organization.
Q: Can religious societies incorporate
themselves for the administration and
management of its affairs, properties and
estate?
A: Yes, provided that such incorporation is
not forbidden by the constitution, rules,
regulations or discipline of the religious
denomination which it is part. (Sec. 116)
Q: What is a foreign corporation?
A: It is a corporation formed,
 under any
organized or existing
law other than those of the
Philippines, and whose laws allow
Filipino citizens and corporation to
do business in its own country or
state. (Sec. 123)
 Q: What are the considered as “doing or transacting
business” in the Philippines for foreign corporations?

 A:

 Soliciting orders, service contracts, and opening offices
 Appointing representatives, distributors domiciled in the
Philippines or who stay for a period or periods totaling
180 days or more
 Participating in the management, supervision or control of
any domestic business, firm, entity, or corporation in the
Philippines
 Any act or acts that imply a continuity of commercial
dealings or arrangements, and contemplate to some extent
the performance of acts or works or the exercise of some
functions normally incident to and in progressive
prosecution of, the purpose and object of its organization.
 Q: Why is there a necessity to require a foreign
corporation to acquire a license before engaging in
business in the Philippines?


 A: The purpose of the law in requiring that a foreign
corporation doing business in the Philippines be
licensed to do so is to subject such corporation to the
jurisdiction of the courts. The object is not to prevent
foreign corporation from performing single acts but
to prevent it from acquiring a domicile for the
purpose of business without taking steps necessary
to render it amenable to suits in local courts.
Q: What is merger?

A: One where a corporation absorbs the other


and remains in existence while others are
dissolved. (Sec. 76)

Q: What is consolidation?

A: One where a new corporation is created

and consolidating corporations are
extinguished. (Sec. 76)
 Q: What is the difference between a constituent
and consolidated corporation?


 A: A constituent corporation is created when two or
more corporations merge into a single corporation
which is one of those merging corporations. A
consolidated corporation, on the other hand, is
created when two or more corporations merge into
an entirely new corporation.
 Q: What is a plan of merger or consolidation?
 A: The plan of merger or consolidation is a plan
created by the representatives of the constituent
corporations, providing for the details of such
merger. 
 Q: What should the plan of merger or consolidation
contain?
 A: The plan of merger or consolidation shall set forth
the following:
 Names of corporations involved (constituent
corporations)
 Terms and mode of carrying it out
 Statement of changes, if any, in the present articles of
surviving corporation; or the articles of the new
corporation to be formed in case of consolidation.
 Q: What is an article of merger or consolidation?
 A: An article of merger or consolidation is a document to
be signed by the president or vice‐president of the each

corporation and signed by their secretary or assistant
secretary setting forth:
 The plan of the merger or the plan of consolidation
 As to stock corporations, the number of shares outstanding,
or in the case of non‐stock corporations, the number of
members
 As to each corporation, the number of shares or members
voting for and against such plan, respectively
 Q: What is the procedure for merger or
consolidation?

 A: 
 1. Board of each corporation shall draw up a plan of
merger or consolidation, setting forth:
 a. Names of corporations involved (constituent
corporations)
 b. Terms and mode of carrying it out
 c. Statement of changes, if any, in the present articles of
surviving corporation; or the articles of the new
corporation to be formed in case of consolidation.

 2. Plan for merger or consolidation shall be approved
by majority vote of each board of the concerned
corporations at separate meetings.
 3. The same shall be submitted for approval by the
stockholders or members of each such corporation at
separate corporate meetings duly called for the
purpose. Notice should be given to all stockholders or
members at least two (2) weeks prior to date of
meeting, either personally or by registered mail.

 Affirmative vote of 2/3 of the outstanding capital stock

in case of stock corporations, or 2/3 of the members of
a non‐stock corporation shall be required.
 Dissenting stockholders may exercise the right of appraisal.
But if Board abandons the plan to merge or consolidate, such
right is extinguished.

 The plan may still be amended before the same is filled with
the SEC; however, any amendment to the plan must be
approved by the same votes of the board members of
trustees and stockholders or members required for the
original plan.
 7. After such approval, Articles of Merger or Articles of
Consolidation shall be executed by each of the constituent
corporations, signed by president or VP and certified by
secretary or assistant secretary, setting forth:
 a. Plan of merger or consolidation
 b. In stock corporation, the number of shares outstanding; in
non‐stock, the number of members
 c. As to each corporation, number of shares or members
 Four copies of the Articles of Merger or
Consolidation shall be submitted to the SEC for

approval. Special corporations like banks, insurance
companies, building and loan associations, etc.,

 need the prior approval of the respective

government agency concerned.
 9. If SEC is satisfied that the merger or consolidation
is legal, it shall issue the Certificate of Merger or the
Certificate of Incorporation, as the case may be.

 If the SEC is not satisfied, it shall set a hearing,

giving due notice to all the corporations concerned.
(Secs. 76‐79)
 Q: When shall the merger or consolidation become
effective?
 A: Upon issuance by the SEC of the certificate of

merger and consolidation.
 In the case of merger or consolidation of banks or
banking institutions, building and loan associations,
trust companies, insurance companies, public
utilities, educational institutions and other special
corporations governed by special laws, the favorable
recommendation of the appropriate government
agency shall first be obtained.