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    CH 3 Matter Properties and Changes

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    eherrerahghs
    Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. There are two main types of matter: pure substances and mixtures. Pure substances can be either elements or compounds. Elements cannot be broken down further, while compounds are made of two or more elements chemically bonded together. Mixtures maintain the properties of their components and can be either homogeneous, with a uniform composition, or heterogeneous. Matter can also exist in three physical states - solid, liquid, and gas - depending on temperature and pressure. Chemical and physical changes alter matter in different ways.

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    CH 3 Matter Properties and Changes

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    eherrerahghs
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    Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. There are two main types of matter: pure substances and mixtures. Pure substances can be either elements or compounds. Elements cannot be broken down further, while compounds are made of two or more elements chemically bonded together. Mixtures maintain the properties of their components and can be either homogeneous, with a uniform composition, or heterogeneous. Matter can also exist in three physical states - solid, liquid, and gas - depending on temperature and pressure. Chemical and physical changes alter matter in different ways.

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    Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. There are two main types of matter: pure substances and mixtures. Pure substances can be either elements or compounds. Elements cannot be broken down further, while compounds are made of two or more elements chemically bonded together. Mixtures maintain the properties of their components and can be either homogeneous, with a uniform composition, or heterogeneous. Matter can also exist in three physical states - solid, liquid, and gas - depending on temperature and pressure. Chemical and physical changes alter matter in different ways.

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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    1K views57 pages

    CH 3 Matter Properties and Changes

    Uploaded by

    eherrerahghs
    Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. There are two main types of matter: pure substances and mixtures. Pure substances can be either elements or compounds. Elements cannot be broken down further, while compounds are made of two or more elements chemically bonded together. Mixtures maintain the properties of their components and can be either homogeneous, with a uniform composition, or heterogeneous. Matter can also exist in three physical states - solid, liquid, and gas - depending on temperature and pressure. Chemical and physical changes alter matter in different ways.

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    of 57

    Chapter 3: Matter—Properties

    and Changes
    Section 3.1 Properties of Matter
    What is matter?
    • Anything that has mass and takes
    up space
    • Mass is a measurement of the
    amount of matter in an object. It is
    different than weight which
    measures the amount of matter
    AND the gravitational pull on an
    object.
    Now that you’re an expert, which of the
    following is matter?
    Matter Not Matter
    1. A book
    2. A house
      3. A thought
                  
    4. Your brain
    5. Light
    6. Your cell phone
    7. Radio waves
    There is so many different kinds of
    matter, that we need to organize it.
    Substances have a uniform and unchanging
    composition
    examples: salt,

    water,

    sugar
    Physical Properties of Matter
    A characteristic that can be observed
    or measured without changing the
    composition of the sample
    Properties such as density, color, odor,
    taste, hardness, melting point, boiling
    point
    Physical Properties of Matter: Two Types

    1. Extensive: dependent on the amount of


    substance present
    --length, volume
    2. Intensive: independent of the amount of
    substance present
    --density, melting point, boiling point
    --used to identify substances
    Chemical Properties
    Ability or inability of a substance to
    combine with or change into one or
    more other substances
    Physical Chemical
    Properties Properties
    • Conducts electricity • Forms dark blue
    • Malleable solution with
    • Ductile ammonia
    • Reddish brown • Forms green
    • Shiny compound when
    • Density = 8.92 g/cm3 exposed to air
    • Melting pt = 1085C
    • Boiling pt = 2570C
    Classify each as a physical or
    chemical property:
    1. Iron and oxygen form rust.
    2. Iron is more dense than aluminum
    3. Magnesium burns brightly when ignited.
    4. Oil and water do not mix.
    5. Mercury melts at -39°C.
    States of Matter
    Classification based upon the following:
     Particle arrangement
     Energy of particles
     Distance between particles
    State of matter is dependent on
    temperature and pressure of the
    surroundings
    3 states of matter
    States of Matter
    1. Solid—has a definite shape and volume
    exs: wood, desk, shoes, sugar
    -particles are tightly packed,
    incompressible
    States of Matter
    2. Liquids—have a constant volume,
    -no definite shape
    -takes the shape of its container
    -particles are not held rigidly in place,
    allows material to
    flow
    States of Matter
    3. Gases—have no definite shape or
    volume
    -particles are very far apart
    -particles are easily compressed
    Section 3.2

    Changes in Matter
    Physical Change
    • Changes in a substance’s appearance, not in
    composition
    Types of physical changes:
    •Bend, grind, crumple
    •Split, crush, twist
    •Boil, freeze, melt, vaporize
    (changes of state or phase)
    Chemical Changes
    • A change in the composition of a
    substance
    • Also called a chemical change or
    chemical reaction
    • Ex: rust, corrode, tarnish, rot,
    burn, ferment, explode, oxidize
    become
    s

    The substance
    has changed.

    becomes
    Evidence of Chemical Change

    2. Energy change:
    absorbed or released
    3. Odor changes
    or production

    4. Gas production

    5. Precipitate
    formation
    Classify each as a physical or
    chemical change:
    1. A dead fish rotting
    2. Dissolving salt in water
    3. Boiling salt water until only salt remains
    4. Melting steel
    5. Bending steel
    6. Cracking ice
    Law of Conservation of Mass
    Mass is neither created nor destroyed
    during a chemical reaction—it is
    conserved. (Antoine Lavoisier)

    Mass of reactants = Mass of products


    Antoine Lavoisier—a
    French scientist
    o 1743-1794
    o Father of Modern
    Chemistry
    o One of the first to use
    an analytical balance
    When you burn a big pile of wood, why do
    you only end up with a tiny pile of ashes?
    In an experiment, 10.00 g of red mercury (II) oxide
    powder is placed in an open flask and heated until it
    is converted to liquid mercury and oxygen gas. The
    liquid mercury has a mass of 9.26 g. What is the
    mass of oxygen formed in the reaction?
    Practice problems—pg. 65 #6, 7, 9
    Section 3.3

    Mixtures of Matter
    Mixtures
    • A combination of 2 or more pure substances
    in which each pure substance retains its
    individual chemical properties.
    Types of Mixtures
    1. Heterogeneous—individual substances
    remain distinct
    Types of Mixtures
    2. Homogeneous—has a constant
    composition throughout
    -called a solution
    Types of Solutions
    • Gas-gas: air
    • Gas-liquid: soft drinks
    • Liquid-gas: moist air
    • Liquid-liquid: vinegar
    • Solid-liquid: Crystal Light
    • Solid-solid: steel (called
    “alloys”—mixture of metals
    producing greater strength)
    Separating Mixtures
    1. Physical separation:
    hand selection or
    pouring through sieves
    Separating Mixtures
    2. Filtration—uses a
    porous barrier to separate
    a solid from a liquid
    Separating Mixtures
    3. Distillation—based on
    differences in the
    boiling points of the
    substances involved
    Separating Mixtures
    4. Crystallization—results
    in the formation of pure
    solid particles of a
    substance from a solution
    containing the dissolved
    substance
    Separating Mixtures
    5. Chromatography—
    separating the
    components of a mixture
    based on the tendency of
    each to travel across the
    surface of another
    material.
    Section 3.4

    Elements and compounds


    Elements
    • A pure substance that cannot be broken
    down into simpler substances by physical or
    chemical means
    • 91 naturally occurring elements
    • In mid 1800’s, no chart for organizing the
    elements that were known at the time
    Dmitri Mendeleev--1869

    -Organized the known


    elements into a table of
    rows and columns based
    on their similarities and
    masses.
    Periodic table
    • Organized into horizontal rows called
    periods and vertical columns called families
    • Called “periodic” because properties of
    elements repeat as you move from period to
    period
    • Mendeleev’s table left blank spaces for
    elements yet to be discovered and predicted
    their properties
    Compounds
    • A combination of 2 or more different
    elements that are combined chemically
    • Most of the matter in the universe are
    compounds
    • Ex: water, sugar, salt, aspirin
    Matter

    Pure
    Mixtures
    substances

    Heterogeneous Homogeneous
    Mixtures Mixtures
    Elements Compounds

    Dirt, blood, Lemonade, Oxygen, gold, Salt, baking


    milk gasoline, steel iron soda, sugar
    Chemical symbols
    • Make it easy to write the formulas for chemical
    compounds
    • Ex: salt water
    NaCl

    H2O
    Compounds
    • Can be broken down into simpler
    substances by chemical means
    • Usually requires energy
    Compounds
    • Properties of a compound are different from
    its component elements
    • Ex: water—liquid at
    room temp.
    Hydrogen—a
    colorless,
    tasteless gas

    Oxygen—a
    colorless,
    tasteless gas
    Sodium chloride
    • As a compound, it is a white, unreactive
    solid that adds flavor to food
    • Its component elements:
    Chlorine—poisonous, pale,
    green gas Sodium—a highly
    reactive element
    that fizzes in water
    Law of Definite Proportions
    • John Dalton
    • A pure substance will always have the same
    percent by weight
    • Ex: water (H2O) = 11.2 % hydrogen
    88.8% oxygen
    To find percent by mass:
    Percent by mass = mass of element x 100
    mass of compound
    Analysis of sugar:
    20.0 g sugar 500.0 g sugar

    Carbon 8.44 g 42.2% Carbon 211.0 g 42.2%

    Hydrogen 1.30 g 6.5% Hydrogen 32.5 g 6.5%

    Oxygen 10.26 g 51.30% Oxygen 256.5 g 51.30%


    Therefore…
    • Sugar always has the same proportions of
    ingredients
    • If a substance has different proportions, it is
    a different substance
    A 78.8 g sample of an unknown compound contains
    12.4 g of hydrogen. What is the percent by mass of
    hydrogen in the compound?
    Percent by mass = mass of element x 100
    mass of compound
    Practice problems—pg. 76 #21-24
    Law of Multiple Proportions
    • When different compounds are formed
    using the same elements, different masses
    of one element combine with the same
    relative mass of the other element in small,
    whole number ratios.
    Carbon monoxide/carbon dioxide

    CO CO2

    O= 1 O= 2

    C= 1 1
    C=
    Copper (I) chloride

    Copper (II) chloride

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