Graphical Presentation

ED NEIL O. MARATAS
Instructor, JRMSU-Main
Biostatistics

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 Bar Graph
• A bar graph is a graphical device for depicting
qualitative data.
• On one axis (usually the horizontal axis), we specify
the labels that are used for each of the classes.
• A frequency, relative frequency, or percent frequency
scale can be used for the other axis (usually the
vertical axis).
• Using a bar of fixed width drawn above each class
label, we extend the height appropriately.

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Has the program met its goal?
Percentage of new enrollees tested for HIV at each site, by
quarter
60%
% of new enrollees tested

50%
40%
for HIV

30% Site 1
20% Site 2
Site 3
10%
Target
0%
Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4
Data Source: Program records, AIDS Relief, January 2009 – December 2009..
quarterly Country Summary: Nigeria, 2008

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 Bar chart

Gastrintestinal infections

7
6
Frequency

5
4
3
2
1
0
Cryptos. E.histolyt. E.coli Giardia Rotavirus Shigella
Agents

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 Grouped bar chart

• If we have a nominal categorical variable,

divided in two categories, can show data with a
grouped bar chart.
• It allow easy comparison between groups.

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 Bar Graph
• Example: Bar Graph of Soft Drink Purchases

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 Grouped bar chart

Gastrointestinal infections

5
4
Frequency

3 Males
2 Females
1
0
Crypt. E.histolyt. E.coli Giardia Rotavirus Shigella
Agents

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 • Highlight the category
and frequency
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 Pie Chart
• The pie chart is a commonly used graphical device
for presenting relative frequency distributions for
qualitative data.
• First draw a circle; then use the relative
frequencies to subdivide the circle
into sectors that correspond to the
relative frequency for each class.
• Since there are 360 degrees in a circle,
• a class with a relative frequency of .25 would
consume .25(360) = 90 degrees of the circle.

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 Pie Chart
• Example: Pie Chart of Soft Drink Purchases

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 Pie Chart

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 Pie Chart

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 Pie Chart

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 Pie Chart

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 Pie Chart

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 Pie Chart

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 Pie Chart

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 Pie Chart

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 Pie Chart
Marada Inn Quality Ratings
Excellent
5%
Poor
10%
Below
Average
Above 15%
Average
45%
Average
25%

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 Example: Marada Inn
• Insights Gained from the Preceding Pie Chart

• One-half of the customers surveyed gave Marada

a quality rating of “above average” or “excellent”
(looking at the left side of the pie). This might
please the manager.
• For each customer who gave an “excellent” rating,
there were two customers who gave a “poor”
rating (looking at the top of the pie). This should
displease the manager.

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 Distribution of frequency charts:
histograms
• It is useful to quantitative variables.
• There are not spaces between bars.
• The area bar, not its high, represent its
frequency.
• X axis should be continuous.
• Y axis should begin in 0.
• Width represent the interval for each group.

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 Histogram
• Example: Histogram for The Audit Time Data

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 Histogram
Tune-up Parts Cost
18
16
14
12
Frequency

10
8
6
4
2
Parts
50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99 100-110 Cost ($)

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 Histogram
• Histogram provides information about the shape.
• Symmetric
• Left tail is the mirror image of the right tail
• Examples: heights and weights of people
.35
Relative Frequency

.30
.25
.20
.15
.10
.05
0

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 Histogram
• Moderately Skewed Left
• A longer tail to the left
• Example: exam scores
.35
.30
Relative Frequency

.25
.20
.15
.10
.05
0

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 Histogram
• Moderately Right Skewed
• A Longer tail to the right
• Example: housing values
.35
.30
Relative Frequency

.25
.20
.15
.10
.05
0

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 Histogram
• Highly Skewed Right
• A very long tail to the right
• Example: executive salaries
.35
.30
Relative Frequency

.25
.20
.15
.10
.05
0

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Line Graphs
• When a quantitative variable is recorded over time at
equally intervals (such as daily, weekly, monthly,
quarterly, or yearly), the data set forms a time series.
• Time series data are most effectively presented on a
line chart with time as the horizontal axis.
• The idea is to try to discern a pattern or trend that will
likely continue into the future, and then to use that
pattern to make accurate predictions for the immediate
future.

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 Line graph
Number of Clinicians Working in Each Clinic During Years 1-4*
6

5
Number of clinicians

4
Clinic 1
3
Clinic 2
2 Clinic 3

0
Year 1
Y1 1995 19962
Y2Year 19973
Y3Year Y4 1998
Year 4
*Includes doctors and nurses
Zambia Service Provision Assessment, 2007.

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 End

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