Graphical Presentation: Ed Neil O. Maratas Instructor, JRMSU-Main Biostatistics

Graphical Presentation
ED NEIL O. MARATAS
Instructor, JRMSU-Main
Biostatistics
© 2006 by Thomson Learning, a division of Thomson Asia Pte Ltd.. Slide ‹#›
Bar Graph
• A bar graph is a graphical device for depicting
qualitative data.
• On one axis (usually the horizontal axis), we specify
the labels that are used for each of the classes.
• A frequency, relative frequency, or percent frequency
scale can be used for the other axis (usually the
vertical axis).
• Using a bar of fixed width drawn above each class
label, we extend the height appropriately.
Has the program met its goal?
Percentage of new enrollees tested for HIV at each site, by
quarter
60%
% of new enrollees tested
50%
40%
for HIV
30% Site 1
20% Site 2
Site 3
10%
Target
0%
Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4
Data Source: Program records, AIDS Relief, January 2009 – December 2009..
quarterly Country Summary: Nigeria, 2008
Bar chart
Gastrintestinal infections
7
6
Frequency
5
4
3
2
1
0
Cryptos. E.histolyt. E.coli Giardia Rotavirus Shigella
Agents
Grouped bar chart
• If we have a nominal categorical variable,

divided in two categories, can show data with a
grouped bar chart.
• It allow easy comparison between groups.
Bar Graph
• Example: Bar Graph of Soft Drink Purchases
Grouped bar chart
Gastrointestinal infections
5
4
Frequency
3 Males
2 Females
1
0
Crypt. E.histolyt. E.coli Giardia Rotavirus Shigella
Agents
• Highlight the category
and frequency
Pie Chart
• The pie chart is a commonly used graphical device
for presenting relative frequency distributions for
qualitative data.
• First draw a circle; then use the relative
frequencies to subdivide the circle
into sectors that correspond to the
relative frequency for each class.
• Since there are 360 degrees in a circle,
• a class with a relative frequency of .25 would
consume .25(360) = 90 degrees of the circle.
Pie Chart
• Example: Pie Chart of Soft Drink Purchases
Pie Chart
Pie Chart
Pie Chart
Pie Chart
Pie Chart
Pie Chart
Pie Chart
Pie Chart
Pie Chart
Marada Inn Quality Ratings
Excellent
5%
Poor
10%
Below
Average
Above 15%
Average
45%
Average
25%
Example: Marada Inn
• Insights Gained from the Preceding Pie Chart
• One-half of the customers surveyed gave Marada

a quality rating of “above average” or “excellent”
(looking at the left side of the pie). This might
please the manager.
• For each customer who gave an “excellent” rating,
there were two customers who gave a “poor”
rating (looking at the top of the pie). This should
displease the manager.
Distribution of frequency charts:
histograms
• It is useful to quantitative variables.
• There are not spaces between bars.
• The area bar, not its high, represent its
frequency.
• X axis should be continuous.
• Y axis should begin in 0.
• Width represent the interval for each group.
Histogram
• Example: Histogram for The Audit Time Data
Histogram
Tune-up Parts Cost
18
16
14
12
Frequency
10
8
6
4
2
Parts
50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99 100-110 Cost ($)
Histogram
• Histogram provides information about the shape.
• Symmetric
• Left tail is the mirror image of the right tail
• Examples: heights and weights of people
.35
Relative Frequency
.30
.25
.20
.15
.10
.05
0
Histogram
• Moderately Skewed Left
• A longer tail to the left
• Example: exam scores
.35
.30
Relative Frequency
.25
.20
.15
.10
.05
0
Histogram
• Moderately Right Skewed
• A Longer tail to the right
• Example: housing values
.35
.30
Relative Frequency
.25
.20
.15
.10
.05
0
Histogram
• Highly Skewed Right
• A very long tail to the right
• Example: executive salaries
.35
.30
Relative Frequency
.25
.20
.15
.10
.05
0
Line Graphs
• When a quantitative variable is recorded over time at
equally intervals (such as daily, weekly, monthly,
quarterly, or yearly), the data set forms a time series.
• Time series data are most effectively presented on a
line chart with time as the horizontal axis.
• The idea is to try to discern a pattern or trend that will
likely continue into the future, and then to use that
pattern to make accurate predictions for the immediate
future.
Line graph
Number of Clinicians Working in Each Clinic During Years 1-4*
6
5
Number of clinicians
4
Clinic 1
3
Clinic 2
2 Clinic 3
0
Year 1
Y1 1995 19962
Y2Year 19973
Y3Year Y4 1998
Year 4
*Includes doctors and nurses
Zambia Service Provision Assessment, 2007.
End

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• If we have a nominal categorical variable,

• One-half of the customers surveyed gave Marada

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