Differentiation (chapter 7, page: 500)
A function is a technical term to symbolize
relationship between variables.
y f (x)
y is a function of x
Differentiation: The process of finding out
derivative.
Derivative: The rate of change in any function
(dependent variable) due to a small change in the
independent variable.
If y f (x) , then the rate of change of y with
respect to a change in x is called the
derivative of the function y w. r. t. x.
Notation is:
f ( x)
d
( y)
dx
dy
dx
Rule # 1
If y f ( x) c (c is a cons tan t )
( horizontal straight line)
dy
then, f ( x) 0
dx
Rule # 2
If y f ( x) x n
dy
then, f ( x) nx n 1
dx
f ( x) x
f ( x) x
dy
f ( x) 1. x x 1
11 0
dx
f ( x) x 5
f ( x) x 5
dy
f ( x) 5 x 5x
5 1 4
dx
f ( x) x 2/3
8
f ( x) x
f ( x) x 2/3
dy 2 23 1 2 31
f ( x) 3x 3x
dx
8
f ( x) x
f ( x) 8 x 81
8 x 9
Rule # 3
If y c f ( x)
dy
then, c f ( x)
dx
f ( x) 5 x 2
f ( x) 4 x 5
f ( x) 5 x 2
then f ( x) 5 2 x 2 1
10 x
f ( x) 4 x 5
then f ( x) 4 5 x 5 1
Rule # 4
If y f ( x) g ( x) ( x)
then
dy
f ( x) g ( x) ( x)
dx
Find the derivative with respect to x:
y = x4+3x2+2x+7
y = 3x2+ax+b
y = 7x4 - 3x3 + 4x2 -10x + 3
y = 5x7+ 3x6+ 2x5 + 6x4 + 7x3+ 8x2+2x+7
y 4x 7x
3 4
y 4x 7x
3 4
then
dy
4 3x 7 4 x
2 3
dx
Find the derivative of :
8 10
9 x 7 x 8x 3
4 3 2
x x
8 10
Let , y 9 x 7 x 8 x 3
4 3 2
x x
dy 11 31
9 4 x 7 3x 8 2 x 8 (1) x 10 (3) x
3 2
dx
dy
36 x 3 21x 2 16 x 8 x 2 30 x 4
dx
dy 8 30
36 x 21x 16 x 2 4
3 2
dx x x
(1 x ) 2
y 2
x
We may simplify y as :
(1 x ) 2
1 2x x 2
y 2
2
x x
1 2
2 1
x x
dy 2 1 11
( 2) x 2( 1) x 0
dx
dy 3 2 2 2
2 x 2 x 3 2
dx x x
Rule # 5
Derivative of the product
of two functions :
If y f ( x) ( x) then,
dy
( x ) f ( x) f ( x) ( x)
dx
If the function be denoted
by u and v, i.e. y uv
dy du dv
then v u
dx dx dx
If y (3x 1)( x 2 x)
2 3
dy
Find
dx
dy
(3x 1)(3x 2) ( x 2 x)(6 x)
2 2 3
dx
9 x 6 x 3x 2 6 x 12 x
4 2 2 4 2
15 x 21x 2
4 2
Rule # 6
Derivative of the quotient of two functions
f ( x)
If y then
g ( x)
dy g ( x) f ( x) f ( x) g ( x)
2
dx {g ( x)}
If the function be denoted
u
by u and v, i.e. y
v
du dv
v u
dy dx dx
then 2
, v 0
dx v
x 1
2
Differentiate w. r. t. x
x 1
2
x 1
2
Let y 2
x 1
dy ( x 1)( 2 x) ( x 1)2 x
2 2
dx ( x 1)
2 2
4x
2
( x 1) 2
Differentiate
( x 1)( 2 x 1) w. r. t. x.
x3
( x 1)( 2 x 1) 2 x x 1
2
Let y
x 3 x3
dy ( x 3)( 4 x 1) (2 x x 1).1
2
dx ( x 3) 2
4 x x 12 x 3 2 x x 1
2 2
( x 3) 2
2( x 6 x 1)
2
( x 3) 2
Find the Differential
Co efficient
1/ 2
x 2
of 1/ 2
x
1
x 2 2
12
Let y 1 1 2x
x 2
dy 12 1
0 2(1 / 2) x
dx
3
x 2
Rule # 7
Derivative of Function of a Function
dy dy du
dx du dx
Differentiate (3x 7)
2
w. r. t. x
1
Let y (3 x 7) (3 x 7)
2 2 2
1
put u 3 x 7, then y u
2 2
du dy 1 12 1 12
6 x, and 2 u 2 (3 x 7)
2
dx du
dy du dy 1 12
. 2 (3 x 7) .6 x
2
dx dx du
3x
(3 x 7
2
Differentiate
y (3x 5 x 8)
3 2 3
w. r. t. x
Rule # 8
Derivative of a Logarithmic Function
If y log e x, then
dy 1
dx x
Rule # 9
Derivative of a Exponential Function
If y e , then x
dy
e x
dx
Differentiation of Implicit Function
Differentiate w. r. t. x: x3 + y3 = 3axy
dy
Find if x2 – y2 + 3x = 5y
dx
Differentiate w. r. t. x:
x3 – xy2 + 3y2 + 2 = 0
Successive Differentiation
