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    Earthquake

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    Ivan Echon
    1) Earthquakes produce ground shaking that can damage buildings and infrastructure. The magnitude measures the energy released while the intensity measures the strength of shaking experienced at a location. 2) Additional earthquake hazards include liquefaction of soils, ground displacement along faults, landslides and flooding from dam/levee failure, tsunamis, and fires from broken gas and electrical lines. 3) People should take precautions such as securing heavy furniture, storing breakable items, having an emergency kit, and developing a family evacuation plan.

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    Earthquake

    Uploaded by

    Ivan Echon
    16 views16 pages
    1) Earthquakes produce ground shaking that can damage buildings and infrastructure. The magnitude measures the energy released while the intensity measures the strength of shaking experienced at a location. 2) Additional earthquake hazards include liquefaction of soils, ground displacement along faults, landslides and flooding from dam/levee failure, tsunamis, and fires from broken gas and electrical lines. 3) People should take precautions such as securing heavy furniture, storing breakable items, having an emergency kit, and developing a family evacuation plan.

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    1) Earthquakes produce ground shaking that can damage buildings and infrastructure. The magnitude measures the energy released while the intensity measures the strength of shaking experienced at a location. 2) Additional earthquake hazards include liquefaction of soils, ground displacement along faults, landslides and flooding from dam/levee failure, tsunamis, and fires from broken gas and electrical lines. 3) People should take precautions such as securing heavy furniture, storing breakable items, having an emergency kit, and developing a family evacuation plan.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    16 views16 pages

    Earthquake

    Uploaded by

    Ivan Echon
    1) Earthquakes produce ground shaking that can damage buildings and infrastructure. The magnitude measures the energy released while the intensity measures the strength of shaking experienced at a location. 2) Additional earthquake hazards include liquefaction of soils, ground displacement along faults, landslides and flooding from dam/levee failure, tsunamis, and fires from broken gas and electrical lines. 3) People should take precautions such as securing heavy furniture, storing breakable items, having an emergency kit, and developing a family evacuation plan.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 16

    EARTHQUAKE

    MAGNITUDE, INTENSITY, HAZARDS, PRECAUTIONS


    EARTHQUAKE

    A shaking or trembling of a part of the earth’s surface that often


    causes great damage
    MAGNITUDE INTENSITY

    ■ Measures the energy released at ■ Intensity measures the strength of


    the source of the earthquake shaking produced by the
    earthquake at a certain location
    ■ Is determined from measurements
    on seismographs. ■ Is determined from effects on
    people, human structures, and the
    natural environment.
    The following table gives Magnitude/Intensity Comparison that are typically
    observed at locations near the epicenter of earthquakes with Abbreviated
    Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale

    Magnitude Modified Abbreviated Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale


    Mercalli
    Intensity
    1.0-3.0 I I. Not felt except by a very few under especially favorable conditions.

    3.0- 3.9 II-III II. Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of
    buildings
    III. Felt quite noticeably by persons indoors, especially on upper
    floors of buildings. Many people do not recognize it as an
    earthquake. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Vibrations similar
    to the passing of a truck. Duration estimated.

    4.0-4.9 IV-V IV. Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few during the day. At night,
    some awakened. Dishes, windows, doors disturbed; walls make
    cracking sound. Sensation like heavy truck striking building.
    Standing motor cars rocked noticeably.
    The following table gives Magnitude/Intensity Comparison that are typically
    observed at locations near the epicenter of earthquakes with Abbreviated
    Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale

    Magnitude Modified Abbreviated Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale


    Mercalli
    Intensity
    4.0-4.9 IV-V V. Felt by nearly everyone; many awakened. Some dishes, windows
    broken. Unstable objects overturned. Pendulum clocks may stop.
    5.0-5.9 VI-VII VI. Felt by all, many frightened. Some heavy furniture moved; a few
    instances of fallen plaster. Damage slight.
    VII. Damage negligible in buildings of good design and
    construction; slight to moderate in well-built ordinary structures;
    considerable damage in poorly built or badly designed structures;
    some chimneys broken.

    VIII. Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable


    damage in ordinary substantial buildings with partial collapse.
    6.0 - 6.9 VIII - IX
    Damage great in poorly built structures. Fall of chimneys, factory
    stacks, columns, monuments, walls. Heavy furniture overturned.
    The following table gives Magnitude/Intensity Comparison that are typically
    observed at locations near the epicenter of earthquakes with Abbreviated
    Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale

    Magnitude Modified Abbreviated Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale


    Mercalli
    Intensity
    IX. Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well-
    designed frame structures thrown out of plumb. Damage great in
    6.0 - 6.9 VII - IX
    substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off
    foundations.
    X. Some well-built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry
    and frame structures destroyed with foundations. Rails bent.
    XI. Few, if any (masonry) structures remain standing. Bridges
    7.0 and
    VIII or higher destroyed. Rails bent greatly.
    higher
    XII. Damage total. Lines of sight and level are distorted. Objects
    thrown into the air.
    Earthquake Something that may cause injury or harm
    that depends on the strength of seismic

    Hazards activity.

    1. Ground Shaking
    2. Liquefaction
    3. Ground Displacement
    3. Landslide and Flooding
    4. Tsunami
    5. Fire
    Ground Shaking

    ■ The first main earthquake hazard (danger) is


    the effect of ground shaking. It s the primary
    cause of earthquake damage to man-made
    structures.
    ■ When the ground shakes strongly, buildings can
    be damaged or destroyed and their occupants
    may be injured or killed.
    ■ The ground shaking may also cause landslides,
    mudslides on steeper hills or mountains, all of
    which can damage buildings and hurt people.
    Liquefaction

    ■ Liquefaction is the mixing of sand or soil


    and groundwater (water underground) during the
    shaking of a moderate or strong earthquake.
    ■ When the water and soil are mixed, the ground
    becomes very soft and acts similar to quicksand.
    If liquefaction occurs under a building, it may
    start to lean, tip over, or sink several feet.
    ■ Liquefaction is a hazard in areas that have
    groundwater near the surface and sandy soil.
    Ground
    Displacement
    ■ The second main earthquake hazard is ground
    displacement (ground movement) along a fault.
    If a structure (a building, road, etc.) is built
    across a fault, the ground displacement during
    an earthquake could seriously damage or rip
    apart that structure.
    Landslides and
    Flooding
    ■ Earthquakes can trigger landslides, especially in
    areas with water-saturated soils.
    ■ Landslides may result in falling rocks and debris
    that collide with people, buildings and vehicles.
    ■ An earthquake can rupture (break) dams or
    levees along a river. The water from the river or
    the reservoir would then flood the area,
    damaging buildings and maybe sweeping away
    or drowning people.
    Tsunami or
    Tidal Wave
    ■ A tsunami is a series of waves or surges most
    commonly caused by an earthquake beneath the
    sea floor. Tsunamis can cause great loss of life and
    property damage in coastal areas.

    ■ Large tsunamis may reach heights of twenty to fifty


    feet along the coast and even higher in a few
    locales. The first tsunami surge is not the highest
    and the largest surge may occur hours after the
    first wave.
    Fire

    ■ Fires, often associated with broken electrical


    and gas lines, is one of the common side effects
    of earthquakes. Gas is set free as gas lines are
    broken and a spark will start bringing "inferno".
    To complicate things water lines are broken and
    so there is no water to extinguish the fire.

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