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Algorithms

The document describes various arithmetic algorithms for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. It examines modeling the algorithms with concrete materials and comparing strategies to those in the textbook. Several examples are provided to illustrate standard algorithms for addition using partial sums, subtraction using counting up or partial differences, multiplication using partial products or the lattice method, and division using repeated subtraction. Strategies for solving word problems involving these operations are also discussed.

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55 views

Algorithms

The document describes various arithmetic algorithms for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. It examines modeling the algorithms with concrete materials and comparing strategies to those in the textbook. Several examples are provided to illustrate standard algorithms for addition using partial sums, subtraction using counting up or partial differences, multiplication using partial products or the lattice method, and division using repeated subtraction. Strategies for solving word problems involving these operations are also discussed.

Uploaded by

ninang26
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Arithmetic Algorithms

Modeling Written Algorithms


with Concrete Materials
Examine the following problems. Use base-ten
blocks and/or other concrete materials to model
the "common" algorithms for addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division.
Compare your models with those used in our
text.
Page numbers are indicated in parentheses. 

27
+ 35 (p. 261)
Addition: The Partial Sums method

Two-stage process:
(i) looks at each column (working left to
right) and adds up the place-values
represented by the digits in that column.
(ii) those partial sums are added together.
The Partial Sums method

(a) (b) (c)

148 678 148


+ 67 + 67 + 855
+ 266 +266
 300  800
+ 160 +190
Iterate the Partial
+ 21 + 21
Sums method in
481  900
cases where the
110
second stage
1 addition problem
1011 involves carrying.
The Column Addition method

Write the addends in wide columns


1 4 8 separated by vertical lines.
6 7 (i) Add up the digits one column at a
time and writes down the result
+ 2 6 6 (which may be a two-digit number)
3 16 21 in each column.
(ii) Working right to left, do the
3 18 1 carries (regroup) to obtain the result
4 8 1 in the standard base-ten
representation.
4 8 1
Standard Method (traditional)
Algorithm 1 Algorithm 2

1 1 3 7 8
3 7 8 + 9 5 8
+ 9 5 8 1 6
1 3 3 6 1 2 0
1 2 0 0
1 3 3 6
The Opposite Change rule for
addition 185 200

+ 266 + 251
The rule says that the sum of two numbers is not changed if one
subtracts a number from one addend and adds the same number451 to
the other addend.
This can be used to make an addition problem easier by making one
of the two addends end in one or more zeroes.
The process is not uniquely specified
In the problem at right, 185 + 266, we might have used the rule to
change the expression into 190 + 261, or into 181 + 270, but then
the resulting addition problem still requires carrying.
A single application of the rule will turn the problem into one that
the pupil can do without further difficulty.
Subtraction Standard Algorithm
Algorithm 1 Algorithm 2

7 15 7 10
8 5 8 5
 6 7 15 - 7 = 8 6 7 (10 – 7) + 5 = 8
1 8 1 8
Write the algorithm for subtraction:

35 – 17 = ?

Model the algorithm with concrete materials.


Subtraction by counting up method
we count up Example: 325 - 58
from the smaller
to the larger
number, first by 58 and then
ones, then tens, + 2
and so on, and 60 2
then the odd
remainder, and + 40 + 40
then in a second 100 + 200
pass we add up + 200 + 25
the addends
300 267
+ 25
325
Partial Differences Method

(i) We operate first on each


column individually, keeping 325
track of the sign if regrouping
- 58
would be needed, and
+300
(ii) then we combine the results - 30
using mental arithmetic.
- 3
For 325 - 58 the second stage 267
involves the mental arithmetic
300 - 30 - 3 = 267.
Subtraction "same change" rule
A subtraction problem is
easier if the smaller
number ends in one or
more zeroes. We change
both terms by the same
amount without changing 325 327
the answer. - 58 - 60
Ex: 325 - 58 267
Multiplication Algorithms

Algorithm 1 Algorithm 2 Algorithm 3


324 324 324
 26  26  26
19 4 4 24 24  64

648 12 12 0  6  20
84 2 4 18 180 0  6  300
8 80  20  4
4 40 0  20  20
6 600 0  20  300
8424 842 4
Partial Products
Partial Products
Example: 324 x 26

300 20 4
20 6000 400 80

6 1800 120 24

6000 + 1800 + 400 + 120 + 80 + 24 = 8424


The Lattice Method
One factor is written along the top, left to right,
and the other factor is written along the right edge,
top to bottom. In the example at right the factors
are 83 and 27. Each square of the grid defined by
the two factors is divided by a diagonal. The digits
of the factors are multiplied pairwise and the two-
digit result written down in the corresponding
square in the manner shown. The result of the
multiplication is then obtained by addition down
the diagonals.
Lattice Multiplication
2 5 7
0 1 2 3
6 5 1
1 4 5 8
9 6 0 6
7 6 6
Division Algorithm
Modeling Written Algorithms
with Concrete Materials
15
x 19 (p. 271)

7) 52 (p. 275)
How Many Strategies?

Examine the following problems. How


many different ways can you solve them
using mental computation and/or written
computation? Compare your strategies with
those used in our text. Page numbers are
indicated in parentheses.
Problems

Jill and Jeff both collected 14


baseball cards. Jill had 27
x 2
cards and Jeff had 35. How
many did they have (pp. 269)
together? (p. 261)  
  4) 54
74 (pp.273,274)
- 58 (p. 266)

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