Operations & Installation of

BTSs
 MS
GSM - Network Structure
Um

BTS VLR HLR

BSC
Abis MSC
A B H
MS C AuC
BTS GMSC
E F
Abis
EIR
A E
MSC

BSC PSTN
Um
BTS X.25
VLR
X.25
OMC Server
 GSM Architecture
GSM VMSC SMSC
Air interface
B
S
C A AUC
interface HLR
Abis
interface
TRAU MSC PSTN

B VLR
BTS S
BTS C
BTS EIR
OMCS

BTS BTS
BTS
Network and switching
subsystem
Mobile A interface SS7 / speech
Station X.25
OMCR SS7

Base Station System

 Public Switched
Telephone Network
BSS Architecture TRAU
BSS S2000
H&L
e-Cell
(TCU) BTS
BTS
NSS

A Interface Radio
MSC Interface

Ater Interface
S8000
BSC Outdoor
OMC-R BTS

MS
S8000
Abis Interface Indoor
BTS
Radio
OMN Interface
Sun
StorEdge A5000
Interface
Agprs Interface

S12000
GPRS Indoor
Core BTS
Network Gb Interface
Internet PCUSN

MS
 BTS Configuration Table
Maximum Configurations and
S2000E
S4000 Transmission Power (1/3)
BTS S4000 S2000 S8002
S4000 S8003 S8006 S2000
type Outdo E Outdo S2000H e-cell
Indoor Smart Outdoo Indoor Outdoor L
Band or Indoor or
r
25 / 35
25 W 25 W 25 W 30 W 30 W 2.5 W 20 W 1W
W
O1E
O2
900 2O8
O3 O3 O2 2O4 O2
2S323 O1
2S222 2O2 O2 S21 2O4 2O2_2 2O4
3S444 2O2
2S34 S111 2O2_2 S11 2O2_2
6S888
2S22
2S2_2
20 / 30
20 W 20 W 20 W 30 W 30 W 2.5 W 20 W 1W
W
O1E
O2
1800 O6
2O8 O3 O3 O2 2O4 O2
O1 S42
3S444 2S222 2O2 S21 2O4 2O2_2 2O4
2O2 S33
6S888 2S34 S111 2O2_2 S11 2O2_2
S222
2S22
Nominal power at TX (PA) output
O1E = O1 Extendible with two DRX
2S2_2
2O2_2 = dual band 900_1800
20 W 20 W 20 W 20 W 20 W 2.5 W 20 W 1W
 BTS Configuration table
Maximum Configurations and
Transmission Power (2/3)
BTS type S8000 S8000 S12000 S12000
Band Indoor Outdoor Indoor Outdoor
30W/30 W45 W 30W/30 W45 W 30W/30 W45 W 30W/30 W45 W
60W/30W 60W/30W 60W/30W 60W/30W
850
O8 O8 O12 O12
/
2O16 2O16 2O24 2O24
900
S44 S44 S66 S66
/
S422 S422 S444 S444
1800
3S888 3S888 3S121212 (1) 3S121212 (1)
)
30 W / 45 W / 30 W / 45 W / 30 W / 45 W / 30 W / 45 W /
60 W 60 W 60 W 60 W
O8 O8 O12 O12
1900 2O16 2O16 2O24 2O24
S44 S44 S66 S66
S422 S422 S444 S444
3S888 3S888 3S121212 (1) 3S121212 (1)
 Traffic
Capabilities of a BTS Features of the radio interface
Reception Signal processing

DDDDDDDD DDDDDDDD
12345678 1234 56 78

Transmission
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Coding Ciphering
Speech Interleaving
00 00 Q
/2
2 2 3/4
/4
10 10
4 4  00

01 01 I
7 7
5/4 7/4
11 11 3/2
3 3 GMSK and/or 8-PSK
Demodulation Modulation

Call clearing
Power
Control Measurement
preprocessing
Frequency Handover

Data hopping
Short messages Coupling system L1M (Call sustaining)
DUPLEXER
• A duplexer enables simulteneous transmission and reception
of signals on the same antenna .
• It provides isolation between the transmitted and received
signal.
• Duplexers typically have a insertion loss of 0.5 to 1 dB

Tx/ Rx

Duplexor

Tx Rx

Radio
Unit
 Functional Architecture
Antenna

Coupling System Radio

Interface

TRX
(Transceiver Equipment)
MS

BSC
Abis interface BCF
(Base Common Functions)
 TRX
Generic Architecture

TRX

TX PA
FP Coupling
BCF (Frame Processor)
system
RX
 Coupling System
TX Coupler TX Duplexer
(Hybrid or Cavity) Downlink

-1 dB
TX band Duplex
filter shift RX band
filter RX
Uplink RX Splitter

-1 dB

TX1 TX2 TX3 TX4 RX1 RX2 RX3 RX4

Four TRX
 Generic Architecture
BTS (site)

TRX n TRX n

Coup syst Coup syst

Coup syst Coup syst

TRX n

Coup syst Coup syst

TRX n-1 TRX n-1 TRX n-1

BSC
TRX 2 TRX 2 TRX 2

TRX 1 TRX 1 TRX 1

BCF

Base cabinet Extension cabinets

 Abis interface
BCF
management
Alarm management

Audible
BSC alarm
Fans
BTS GSM time

Power
Signaling supply
concentration
Tempe-
rature Warning

Operation and Maintenance Backup

Switch A Switch B
Out of order

In service Synchro Synchro

A B
 S8000 Coupling
1 TRX 1 - Standard
2 TRX Coupling
Duplex. Main Div. Duplex. Duplex. Main Div. Duplex. 2 antennas per cell
LNA LNA LNA LNA
PA PA PA
1 Splitter Splitter 1 Splitter Splitter 2
Combiner Insertion
Type Loss
3 TRX 4 TRX
Main Div. Main Div.
H2D H2D H2D H2D Dp -1 dB
LNA LNA LNA LNA H2D -4.5 dB
PA PA PA PA PA PA PA
Splitter Splitter H4D -8 dB
1 2 3 1 2 Splitter Splitter 3 4

Main 5 - 8 TRX Div.

H4D H4D

LNA LNA
PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA
1 2 3 4 Splitter Splitter Splitter Splitter 5 6 7 8
CABLES

Jumper cable

Main cable

Radio Equipment
ANTENNA
Main Lobe Axis
CHARACTERISTICS ½ Power Beamwidth

First Null

Side Lobe

Back Lobe
Omnidirectional Site Antennas
Bi and Trisectorial Site
Antennas
 BASIC DEFINITIONS
• Radio signals travel through space at the Speed of Light
C = 3 * 108 meters / second
• Frequency (F) is the number of waves per second (unit: Hertz)
• Wavelength () (length of one wave) = (distance traveled in one
second)
(waves in one second)
= C / F
If frequency is 900MHZ then
wavelength  = 3 * 108
900 * 106
= 0.333 meters
 BASIC DEFINITIONS
dBm
• dBm = 10 log (P) (1000 mW/watt)
where dBm = Power in dB referenced to 1 milliwatt
P = Power in watts
• If power level is 1 milliwatt:
Power(dBm) = 10 log (0.001 watt) (1000 mW/watt)
= 10 log (1)
= 10 (0)
=0
• Thus a power level of 1 milliwatt is 0 dBm.
• If the power level is 1 watt
1 watt Power in dBm = 10 log (1 watt) (1000 mW/watt)
= 10 (3)
= 30
 BASIC DEFINITIONS
dBm
• dBm = 10 log (P) (1000 mW/watt)
• The dBm can also be negative value.
• If power level is 1 microwatt
Power in dBm = 10 log (1 x 10E-6 watt) (1000 mW/watt)
= -30 dBm
• Since the dBm has a defined reference it can be converted back
to watts if desired.
• Since it is in logarithmic form it may also be conveniently
combined with other dB terms.
 CABLE LOSS
• Two types of cables are used, maincable and jumper cable.
• Cable losses are given in per 100feet.
• Jumper cable have more loss than main cable.
• Cable loss is also dependant on frequency

CABLE SIZE RECOMMENDED LOSS/100 Feet

TYPE USE 900MHZ 1800MHZ
LDF4-50 1/2 inch Heliax Foam Jumper cable 2.160dB
LDF5-50 7/8 inch Heliax Foam Main cable < 55M 1.21dB 1.97dB
LDF7-50 1 5/8 inch Heliax Foam Main cable < 90m 0.75dB 1.25dB
 CONNECTOR & COMBINER
LOSS
Connector Loss
• Connectors used to connect RF components have a typical
loss of 0.1dB each.

Combiner Loss
• A combiner is a device that enables several transmitters of
different frequencies to transmit from the same antenna.
• Two types of combiners are available.
• Hybrid combiners combine two inputs to one output.
• Hybrid combiners have a typical insertion loss of 3dB.
• Cavity combiners combine more input to one output ( typically
5 inputs)
• Cavity combiners have around 3dB loss.
• Cavity combiners cannot be used in cells where synthesizer
frequency hopping is used.
 ANTENNA
DOWNTILTING
• Antenna downtilting is the downward tilt of the vertical pattern
towards the ground by a fixed angle measured w.r.t the horizon.
• Downtilting of the antenna changes the position of the half-power
beamwidth and the first null relative to the horizon.
• Normally the maximum gain is at 0• (parallel to the horizon) and
never intersects the horizon.
• A small downtilt places the beams maximum at the cell edge
• With appropriate downtilt, the received signal strength within the cell
improves due to the placement of the main lobe within the cell
radius and falls off in regions approaching the cell boundary and
towards the reuse cell.
• There are two methods of downtilting
– Mechanical downtilting
– Electrical downtilting.
MECHANICAL
DOWNTILTING
MECHANICAL
DOWNTILTING
MECHANICAL
DOWNTILTING
Vertical antenna pattern at 0

Vertical antenna pattern at 15 downtilt

Backlobe shoots over the horizon
•
ELECTRICAL DOWNTILT
Electrical downtilt uses a phase taper in the antenna array to
angle the pattern downwards.
• This allows the the antenna to be mounted vertically.
• Electrical downtilt is the only practical way to achieve pattern
downtilting with omnidirectional antennas.
• Electrical downtilt affects both front and back lobes.
• If the front lobe is downtilted the back lobe is also downtilted by
equal amount.
• Electrical downtilting also reduces the gain equally at all angles
on the horizon. The that adjusted downtilt angle is constant over
the whole azimuth range.
• Variable electrical downtilt antennas are very costly.
 Diversity Antenna
Systems
NEED OF DIVERSITY

Building

Building

Building
 Diversity Antenna
Systems
Combining

Combined signal
fed to receiver Signal 2
Signal 1 Combined signal
Signal 1
Signal 2
Signal Strength

Time
 REPEATERS
INTRODUCTION Donor side antenna Mobile side antenna

Repeater receives
Donor signal at Repeater amplifies
~ -90dBm the signal and
rebroadcasts the
signal

Donor Cell

Poor Coverage area

• Repeater units are designed to receive signals from a donor site,

amplify and rebroadcast the donor sites signals into poor
coverage areas or to extend the coverage range of the donor site.
• These repeater are bi-directional and do not translate frequency
and subsequently are limited in output power and gain.
• Repeaters provide between 50 to 80 dB of gain.
 FEEDER CABLES
• Cable types ½”, 7/8”,
15/8”
• Losses approx. 10 to
4 db/100 Mtr
• Connector losses
approx.
1db/connection
• Thick cables have a
lower losses, larger
bending radii & are
very expensive
TEMPORARY STRUCTURE

• Generally cranes are used for temporary structure.

• When cranes are used power generators have to be arranged in
advance.
• The location should be selected such that the antenna will be
above any nearby obstacles.
 BTS Connection Modes
Air
interface
CHAIN
Abis Connection
interface
(single multi-drop)

C
BS

STAR
Connection

LOOP
Connection

MS (full multi-drop)
 Power Plant
• Power plant comprises
• Rack/Multi Rack
• AC Distribution Panel
• Rectifier module
• DC Distribution Panel
• Metering
• Power system controller
 SMPS Power Plant

• SMPS means Switch Mode Power Supply.

This is used for D.C to D.C conversion.
This works on the principle of switching
regulation. The SMPS system is highly
reliable, efficient, noiseless and compact
because the switching is done at very high
rate in the order of several KHz to MHz.
 SMPS Power Plant

• (1) Input Voltage :

• 320V to 480V r m s three phase (Nominal
Voltage – 400V).
• Frequency : 45 Hz …. 65 Hz.
• (2) Output Voltage :
• Float mode :
• Nominal voltage : -54.0 + 0.5V,
• Adjustment range : -48.0 to –56.0 V
• Charge mode Voltage : -55.2 + 0.5 V
 Power Plant
• (1) Mains out of range
• (2) Load voltage high (above 57V)
• (3) Load Voltage low (below 42V)
• (4) Mains fail
• (5) System overload
• (6) Mains on battery discharge
• (7) Rectifier Fail
 Installation of SMPS
• Connect the Input points are marked as R,
Y, B, N just below the terminal block .
• Also the terminal blocks are provided with
red, yellow and blue markers. PLEASE
ENSURE THAT THE NEUTRAL IS
CONNECTED TO THE TERMINAL
MARKED AS “N”.
 Installation of SMPS

• Ensure that all the AC side MCBs (mounted on

AC distribution panel) as well DC side MCBs,
(mounted on DC distribution panel) are in OFF
condition
• Connect each pair of DC output cable (Red &
blue cable) in the respective terminal block
provided in the left side in each module.
PLEASE ENSURE THAT THE RED CABLE IS
CONNECTED TO THE TERMINAL MARKED AS
‘+’ ( RED TERMINAL BLOCK) AND BLUE
CABLE TO THE TERMINAL AS ‘-‘ ( BLUE
TERMINAL BLOCK).
 Battery set
• Maintenance free, valve-regulated lead-acid
(VRLA) batteries ensure a reliable, effective and
user friendly source of power. It is spill proof,
leak proof and explosion resistant and there is
no need to add water or to clean terminals. It
has low self-discharge rate which eliminates the
need for equalizing charges
• Various capacities of Batteries are 120 AH, 200
AH,300AH, 400 AH, 600 AH, 1000 AH, 1500 AH,
2000 AH, 2500 AH, 3000 AH, 4000 AH and 5000
AH.
 Engine Alternator

An Engine is a machine which converts the

natural forms of fuel energy into mechanical
energy. A Generator is an Electromagnetic
machine which converts mechanical energy
into Electrical energy. A Diesel Engine in an
internal combustion engine (Engine which
burns fuel inside the engine) which operates
on liquid fuel. It depends on heat developed
by compressing air to ignite fuel, which is
forced into the combustion chamber at the
instant of maximum compression and heat
 Engine Alternator

• Diesel Engine Alternators are available

from 3.5 KVA to 250 KVA Capacity, say,
3.5 KVA, 5.5 KVA, 7.5 KVA are available
for single phase power supply and 10.5
KVA, 15 KVA, 33 KVA, 100 KVA, 150 KVA,
200 KVA, 250 KVA are available for three
phase power supply.
 Other infra
• Airconditioners
• Fire Fighting System
• Temp Detectors
• AC stabilizers
• Alarm systems(PMU)
• Earthing
• Tower