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    PCM

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    Santosh Singh
    PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) is a method of digitizing analog signals for transmission. It involves filtering, sampling, quantization, and encoding of analog signals. The sampling theorem states that a signal must be sampled at least twice the highest frequency to capture all information. A PCM system samples voice signals bandlimited to 4 kHz at 8 kHz. Samples are taken every 125 microseconds. Multiple samples make up a frame, with one set of samples from each channel forming a frame. A multi-frame structure carries signaling information needed for transmission every 2 milliseconds.

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    PCM

    Uploaded by

    Santosh Singh
    209 views19 pages
    PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) is a method of digitizing analog signals for transmission. It involves filtering, sampling, quantization, and encoding of analog signals. The sampling theorem states that a signal must be sampled at least twice the highest frequency to capture all information. A PCM system samples voice signals bandlimited to 4 kHz at 8 kHz. Samples are taken every 125 microseconds. Multiple samples make up a frame, with one set of samples from each channel forming a frame. A multi-frame structure carries signaling information needed for transmission every 2 milliseconds.

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    PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) is a method of digitizing analog signals for transmission. It involves filtering, sampling, quantization, and encoding of analog signals. The sampling theorem states that a signal must be sampled at least twice the highest frequency to capture all information. A PCM system samples voice signals bandlimited to 4 kHz at 8 kHz. Samples are taken every 125 microseconds. Multiple samples make up a frame, with one set of samples from each channel forming a frame. A multi-frame structure carries signaling information needed for transmission every 2 milliseconds.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    209 views19 pages

    PCM

    Uploaded by

    Santosh Singh
    PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) is a method of digitizing analog signals for transmission. It involves filtering, sampling, quantization, and encoding of analog signals. The sampling theorem states that a signal must be sampled at least twice the highest frequency to capture all information. A PCM system samples voice signals bandlimited to 4 kHz at 8 kHz. Samples are taken every 125 microseconds. Multiple samples make up a frame, with one set of samples from each channel forming a frame. A multi-frame structure carries signaling information needed for transmission every 2 milliseconds.

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    of 19

    PCM

    PULSE CODE MODULATION

    By
    K.Srinivas
    JTO,RTTC,HD
    WHY DIGITAL?
    MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUES

    There are basically two types of multiplexing techniques

     1) Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

     2) Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)


    FDM Principle
    Time Division Multiplexing
    Basic Requirements for PCM System

    To develope a PCM signal from several analogue signals, the


    following processing steps are required

     Filtering

     Sampling

     Quantisation

     Encoding
    FILTERING

    To limit the speech signal to the frequency band 300-3400 Hz.


    SAMPLING

    Sampling Theorem States

    "If a band limited signal is sampled at regular intervals of time and


    at a rate equal to or more than twice the highest signal frequency in
    the band, then the sample contains all the information of the
    original signal." Mathematically, if fm is the highest frequency in
    the signal to be sampled then the sampling frequency Fs needs to
    be greater than 2 fm.
    Fs >2fm
    Let us say our voice signals are band limited to 4 KHz and let
    sampling frequency be 8 KHz.

    Time period of sampling Ts = 1 sec


    8000
    or

    Ts = 125 micro seconds


    Quantization and Encoding
    CONCEPT OF FRAME

    One full set of samples for all channel taken within the duration Ts is
    called a "frame".

    Thus the set of all first samples of all channels is one frame;

    The set of all second samples is another frame and so on.


     For a 30 chl PCM system, we have 32 time slots.

     Thus the time available per channel would be 3.9 microsecs.

     Thus for a 30 chl PCM system,

     Frame = 125 microseconds

     Time slot per chl = 3.9 microseconds.


    FAW and ALARM Information

    Frame Remark

    Numbers B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8

    FO X 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 FAW

    F1 X 1 Y Y Y 1 1 1 ALARM

    F2 X 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 FAW

    F3 etc X 1 Y Y Y 1 1 1 ALARM
    Multi-frame Structure

    In the time slot 16 of FO, the first four bits (positions 1 to 4) contain the multi-
    frame alignment signal which enables the receiver to identify a multi-frame.

    Ts 16 of frames F1 is used for carrying the signaling information. 1 &16.

    Similarly, time slot Ts16 of F2 carries signaling data of chls 2 and 17.

    The duration of multi frame is 2 msec

    As each multi-frame includes 16 frames, so the signaling of each channel will
    occur at a rate of 500 per sec.

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