TYPES OF COMPUTERS

AND COMPUTING
PRESENTED BY RATNADEEP
B.TECH(COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING)
 ABOUT ME

• NAME : RATNADEEP
• QUALIFICATION : PURSUING B.TECH(CSE)
• AIM : INDIAN ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICE
• Motto: My knowledge is to be helpful for my Nation
 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

• Computer is a device that carries out several arithmetic and logical

operations.
• It processes set of instructions called programs
• Charles babbage is considered as father of computer
• It also manipulates the information or data
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER

• Advantages:
• High speed - performs faster
• Accuracy - low error rate
• Storage capability - huge storage
• Disadvantages:
• No IQ - cannot make decisions
• Dependency - depend on user instructions
 TYPES OF COMPUTERS BASED ON CONFIGURATION
• Types of Computers based on Configuration:
There are four different types of computers when we classify them
based on their performance and capacity. The four types are
• Super Computers
• Mainframe Computers
• Mini Computers
• Micro Computers
 SUPER COMPUTER
• It is a computer, which can execute hundreds of millions of instructions
per second
• Supercomputers are one of the fastest computers currently available
• Supercomputers are very expensive
• Used to solve problems that are too massive for standard computers
• First supercomputer built by Seymour Cray in Control Data Corporation
(CDC) in 1957
• Some of the "traditional" companies which produce super computers
are Cray, IBM and Hewlett-Packard.
 FEATURES OF SUPER COMPUTER

• Large storage capacity

• Very fast input/output capability
• Price tag ranges from $500,000 to millions of dollars
• They were used initially in applications related to national security, nuclear
weapon design, and cryptography.
• Cryogenic fluids are used for cooling
FIRST COMPUTER TO DEFEAT A WORLD CHAMPION

In February 1996, IBM’s Deep Blue defeated

grandmaster Garry Kasparov. It was then assigned to
predict the weather in Atlanta, Georgia, during the 1996
Summer Olympic Games
• In computing, floating point operations per second (FLOPS, flops or flop/s) is
a measure of computer performance
• useful in fields of scientific computations that require floating-point
calculations
• A petaflop is the ability of a computer to do one quadrillion floating point
operations per second (FLOPS)
• A petaflop computer requires a massive number of computers working in
parallel on the same problem
• Advanced NUmerical Research and Analysis Group (ANURAG) is a laboratory
of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).
• it is involved in the development of computing solutions for numerical
analysis and their use in other DRDO projects.
• In 1987, India decided to launch a national initiative in supercomputing to
design, develop and deliver a supercomputer in the gigaflops range
 SUPER COMPUTERS IN INDIA
Aaditya:
• Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, has a machine with a
theoretical peak of 790.7 teraflop/s, called Aaditya
• It is used for climate research and operational forecasting
Anupam:
• Anupam is a series of supercomputers designed and developed by Bhabha
Atomic Research Centre (BARC) for their internal use
• The latest in the series is Anupam-Aagra clocked at 150 TFLOPS.
PARAM Yuva II:
• This supercomputer was made by Centre for Development of Advanced
Computing
• It performs at a peak of 524 TFLOPS
 TOP 10 SUPER COMPUTERS IN THE WORLD
1. Tianhe-2 – China:
• The Tianhe-2 (Milky Way-2), built by China’s National University of Defence
Technology (NUDT) for the National Supercomputer Centre in Guangzho. It’s
the most powerful computer in the world
• It’s the most powerful computer in the world and performs at 33.86
petaflop/s (Pflop/s)
2. Titan – United States:
• The Titan computer is a Cray XK7 system used by the United States
Department of Energy at their Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The former top-
ranked Jaguar supercomputer was upgraded in 2012 to become the then
most powerful computer (until the Tianhe machine overtook it).
• The system performs at 17.59 Pflop/s
3. Sequoia – United States :
• The Sequoia computer is based on the now unsupported IBM BlueGene framework. It has
been used to make key advances in climate, astronomy and energy application areas.
• Located in California’s Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,the Sequoia platform has
achieved 17.17 Pflop/s
4. K Computer – Japan:
• The K computer was manufactured by Fujitsu at the RIKEN Advanced Institute for
Computational Science (AICS) in Kobe, Japan.
• This system hit 10.51 Pflop/s
5. Mira – Unites States:
• Also built around the BlueGene architecture, the Mira is one of the older computers on the
list.
• The Mira computer has peaked at 8.59 Pflop/s
6. Piz Daint – Switzerland:
• The Piz Daint, a Cray XC30 system, is the most powerful computer in Europe.
• Piz Daint achieved 6.27 Pflop/s
7. Shaheen II – Saudi Arabia:
• The Shaheen II is the newest computer in the top 10 list. Based around a Cray XC40 system, it went
live in 2015 and is the only computer from the region in the top 10. It’s located at the King Abdullah
University of Science and Technology
• The platform has performed at 5.536 PFlop/s
8. Stampede – United States:
• The Stampede computer is a Dell Power Edge C8220 system based around interlinked powerful
desktop computers.
• It has reached 5.17 Pflop/s.
9. Juqueen – Germany :
• The only other Europe-based computer, housed at the Forschungszentrum Juelich in Germany, is
based on the older BlueGene architecture from IBM.
• It has reached 5.01 Pflop/s
10. Vulcan – United States :
• The Vulcan computer is another IBM BlueGene and is installed at Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory, along with No 3, the Sequoia.
• It has reached a speed of 4.29 Pflop/s.
MAIN FRAME COMPUTERS

• It is a multi-user computer system, capable of supporting hundreds of

users simultaneously
• Software technology is different
• It is used primarily by large organizations for critical applications
• Mainframe computers are often used as servers.
 FEATURES OF MAIN FRAME

• Mainframe is very large in size

• It is an expensive computer
• capable of supporting hundreds or even thousands of users simultaneously
• Mainframe executes many programs concurrently
• It supports many simultaneous execution of programs
• Increases Performance by Sharing workload
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SUPER AND MAIN FRAME COMPUTERS

SUPERCOMPUTER MAIN FRAME COMPUTER

• Supercomputers fastly performs large • Mainframe computers act as a server,

and complex mathematical stores large database
computations.
• Mainframe computers can execute
• The supercomputer can execute billions millions of instruction simultaneously.
of floating point operations in a second.
• Mainframe computers are also large
• Supercomputers are the largest computers but somewhat smaller than
computers in the world. supercomputer.
• Supercomputers are the most • Mainframe computers are also
expensive computers of the worlds. expensive but less than
• The modern supercomputers have supercomputers.
Linux operating system • Mainframe computer has the ability to
run multiple operating system.
 MINI COMPUTER

• A minicomputer is a type of computer that possesses most of the features and

capabilities of a large computer
• but is smaller in physical size
• Minicomputers are mainly used as small or mid-range servers operating business and
scientific applications
• Minicomputers may contain one or more processors, support multiprocessing and
tasking
• It is a midsize multi-processing system capable of supporting up to 250 users
simultaneously
 MICRO COMPUTER

• The word microcomputer means “small computer”.

• Since microcomputers originally designed for personal use they are also
refereed to as personal computer or PCs.
• They are small in size and low cost
• It can be used by single user at a time
• It is easy to use
• Low computing power
 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

Central Processing Unit (CPU) consists of the following features :

• CPU is considered as the brain of the computer.
• CPU performs all types of data processing operations
• It stores data, intermediate results, and instructions (program)
• It controls the operation of all parts of the computer
 COMPONENTS OF CPU

Memory or Storage Unit:

• This unit can store instructions, data, and intermediate results
• All inputs and outputs are transmitted through the main memory
Control Unit:
• This unit controls the operations of all parts of the computer
• but does not carry out any actual data processing operations.
ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit):
• It performs all arithmetic and logical operations
• Like addition ,subtraction, matching, comparison etc
 GRAPHICS PROCESSING UNIT

• A Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) is a single-chip processor primarily

used to manage and boost the performance of video and graphics
• 2-D or 3-D graphics
• Application support for high-intensity graphics software such as
AutoCAD
• These features are designed to lessen the work of the CPU and produce
faster video and graphics.
• This term is also known as a visual processing unit (VPU).
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CPU AND GPU
 TYPES OF COMPUTING
Computing:
• The process of utilizing computer technology to complete a task
• Computing may involve computer hardware and software.
Types of computing:
• Cloud Computing
• Grid Computing
• Utility Computing
• Distributed Computing
• Cluster Computing
 CLOUD COMPUTING

• Cloud Computing provides us means by which we can access the applications

as utilities over the internet
• Cloud Computing refers to manipulating, configuring, and accessing the
hardware and software resources remotely
• Cloud computing offers platform independency
• Cloud Computing offers load balancing that makes it more reliable.
• It does not require to install a software to access or manipulate cloud
application.
 GRID COMPUTING

• Grid Computing refers to distributed computing

• Multiple independent computing clusters which act like a “grid
• A group of computers from multiple locations are connected with each other
to achieve a common objective
• Grid Computing breaks complex task into smaller pieces, which are
distributed to CPUs
• It can solve complex problems in short amount of time
• Make better use of resources
 UTILITY COMPUTING

• Utility computing is the process of providing computing service through an

on-demand, pay-per-use billing method
• It operates and manages the computing infrastructure and resources
• Utility computing helps eliminate data redundancy
• It allows to access the data anytime and from anywhere.
• It reduces infrastructure cost
 DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
• A distributed computer system consists of multiple software components that
are on multiple computers, but run as a single system
• The computers that are in a distributed system can be physically close
together and connected by a local network
• A distributed system can consist of any number of possible configurations
such as mainframes, personal computers, minicomputers and so on
• The goal of distributed computing is to make such a network work as a single
computer.
• The system can easily be expanded by adding more machines as needed.
 CLUSTER COMPUTING

• A computer cluster is a group of tightly connected computers that work

together closely so that it can be viewed as a single computer
• Clusters are commonly connected through fast local area networks
• Clusters are evolved to support applications ranging from ecommerce to high
performance database applications
• Clusters are usually developed to improve speed and reliability
• Cluster computing can also be used as relatively low cost form of parallel
processing for scientific and other applications
 BENEFITS OF CLUSTER COMPUTING

• Computer clusters offers a number of benefits over main frame computer:

• Reduced cost
• Processing power
• Improved network technology
• Scalability
• Availability
 CLUSTER APPLICATIONS

• Google Search Engine

• Petroleum Reservoir Stimulation
• Protein Explorer
• Earthquake Simulation
• Image Rendering
• Whether Forecasting
 CONCLUSION

• Cluster computing offers a comparatively cheap , alternative to large

server/mainframe computer solutions
• Cluster based supercomputers can be seen everywhere
• New trends in hardware and software technologies are likely to make
clusters more promising
THANK YOU