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Isolation Amplifier

An isolation amplifier provides electrical isolation between its input and output stages. It consists of two separated stages - an input stage and an output stage - with an isolation barrier, such as a capacitor, transformer, or optical coupler, to transmit the input signal across. Isolation amplifiers are used in applications involving hazardous voltages to protect equipment and human life. They isolate the supply voltages and grounds of the two stages to prevent any conductive paths between the input and output.

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854 views10 pages

Isolation Amplifier

An isolation amplifier provides electrical isolation between its input and output stages. It consists of two separated stages - an input stage and an output stage - with an isolation barrier, such as a capacitor, transformer, or optical coupler, to transmit the input signal across. Isolation amplifiers are used in applications involving hazardous voltages to protect equipment and human life. They isolate the supply voltages and grounds of the two stages to prevent any conductive paths between the input and output.

Uploaded by

Marwan Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Isolation Amplifiers

• An isolation amplifier is designed to provide an electrical


barrier between the input and output.
• It consists of two electrically isolated stages: Input stage
and Output stage separated by an isolation barrier so that
a signal must be processed in order to be coupled across
the isolation barrier.
• It is used for the protection of human life or sensitive
equipment in those applications where hazardous power-
line leakage or high-voltage transients are possible.
• Isolation amplifiers use capacitive coupling, optical
coupling or transformer coupling to provide isolation
between the stages.
• In each stages, supply voltages and grounds are separated
so that there are no common electrical paths between
them.
Equivalent
108 ~ 1012 Ω

Input Ouput
Amplifier Modulator Demodulator Amplifier

Isolation barrier,
can be magnetic transformer,
optical, capacitive
 A simplified block diagram for a typical capacitor coupled isolation
amplifier
 Notice that there are two different ground symbols are used to
reinforce the concept of stage separation.
 The input stage consists of an amplifier, an oscillator
and a modulator.
 The modulator uses a high-frequency square-wave
oscillator to modify the original signal.
 A small-value capacitor in the isolation barrier is used
to couple the lower frequency modulated signal or dc
voltage from the input to the output.
 The output stage consists of a demodulator that
extracts the original input signal from the modulated
signal so that the original signal from the input stage is
back to its original form.
 When separate dc supply voltages and an input signal
are applied, an amplified output signal is the result.
An isolation amplifier that uses pulse width modulation is
shown
 The ISO124 is a capacitively-coupled isolation amplifier that uses
pulse width modulation to transmit data across the barrier. The
ISO124 has fixed unity gain and is rated to 1500 Vrms of isolation.
 The frequency response is Barrier
specified to 50 kHz, but
high-frequency ripple due Input Stage
to the PW modulation may
be observed on the output Input
(15)
IS0124 Output Stage
(7)
Output
signal signal
at higher frequencies. The (8)
(10)
supply voltages should be (9)
coupled with external (16)
(2)
capacitors to reduce noise (1) 1 mF

 The manufacturer recommends 1 mF 1 mF


a 0.1µF tantalum capacitor (to +15 V –15 V
reduce noise) from each dc 1 mF
+15 V –15 V
power supply pin to ground.
Transformer-coupled isolation amplifier
The 3656KG is a transformer coupled isolation amplifier that uses
pulse width modulation to transmit data across the barrier.
The 3656KG can have gain
Rs Ri2
for both the input and output Vin
(7)
Rf 2
stages. The 3656KG is Rf 1
suited for patient monitoring (10)
(14)
applications, such as an ECG (6)
Input Output
(15)
Vout
amplifier.. Ri1 (16)
(12)
The gain of the input stage is (19)

𝑅𝑓1 (20)

𝐴𝑣1 = +1 (3)
𝑅𝑖1
The gain of the output stage is
+VDC
𝑅𝑓2
𝐴𝑣2 = +1
𝑅𝑖2
The total amplifier gain is the product of the gains of the input and
output stages.
Av(tot) = Av1Av2
Optical-coupled isolation amplifier
Optical isolation is most commonly used to
transmit digital signals. A light-emitting diode
within an opto-isolator generates light when current
flows through the diode. A receiving transistor,
which is light sensitive, will enable a current to
flow when it detects light. Since the only
connection between the input and output is a path
for light to pass, then the device can provide
isolation of several thousand volts from input to
output.

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