Reinforced Concrete I

Arba Minch University

Engineering Faculty
Department of Civil Engineering
Lecture-2
Instructor: Semma T.
 DESIGN OF BEAMS FOR FLEXURE USING
WORKING STRESS DESIGN (WSD)
METHODS

Basic Assumptions:
1. A section which is plane before bending remains
plane after bending. This implies strains across
section are linearly varying.
2. Beam section behaves elastically when subjected to
service load moment. This implies stress in the
concrete varies linearly from zero at neutral axis to
a maximum at the extreme fiber.
3. Tensile strength of concrete is ignored. The
reinforcement assumed to takes all the tension due
to flexure.
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 Basic Assumptions:

4. Perfect bond exist between steel bars and

concrete such that no slip occurs. This is
possible if adequate development length of
bars and concrete cover are provided.
5. The modular ratio, n, can be defined as:

n  Es Ec
n, may be taken as the nearest whole number (but
not less than 6 or more than 15).
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 Design Equations for Singly
Reinforced Rectangular Section
 Consider a singly reinforced rectangular section
subjected to a service load moment, as shown below.

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 Design Equations for Singly…
From the strain diagram, similarity of triangles gives

c x …Eq[1]

s d  x
In elastic range, applying Hooke’s law, the maximum strain in concrete
& strain in steel,
fc fs
c  s 
Ec and Es

And, the ratio of these strains c f c . Es


s f s . Ec …Eq[2]

By Definition, Es Ec is the modular-ratio, n

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 Design Equations for Singly…
Equating Eq(1) and Eq(2), and substituting n  Es Ec

x

n . fc
k …Eq[3]  x  k . d thus k is an indicator of
d f s  n . fc the neutral axis position.

Considering Equilibrium of a section

For horizontal equilibrium  F H 0   Cc  Ts
fc
Substituting Cc and Ts ,  2
. b . x  As . f s …Eq[4]

As
Let   --is known as Geometric steel Ratio
b.d

 Then, As   .b . d
 Substituting it into Eq.(4 ) 6
 Design Equations for Singly…

With x  k . d
fc fc
 . b . x   . b. d . fs  2
. b . k . d   . b. d . fs
2
2 . f s k . fc
k Or  
Simplifying,  fc 2 fs

n . fc
From Eq.(3 ), k
f s  n . fc

Ratio of stresses in steel to concrete, rearranging the above equation

fs n . (1  k )
 fc

k
…Eq[6]

But, 
fs

k From Eq.(5), and k n . (1  k )
fc 2 equating with  
2 k 7
Eq.(6),
 Design Equations for Singly…
Rearranging the following second degree equation in terms of ‘k’ is obtained.

 k 2  (2 . n) . k  (2 . n)  0

Solving for k, k   (  . n)  (  . n) 2  ( 2  . n) …Eq[7]

Taking moment of internal forces about line of action of ,Ts ,

x
M  Cc . ( d  ) J
3
fc k …Eq[8 a]
M  . k . b . d 2 . (1  )
 2 3
J, be lever-arm ratio for internal forces of section of
k
Letting, j  (1  ) beam, then service load moment resistance of section
3
may be written as: On the Next Slide.
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 Design Equations for Singly…
fc
 M  . k . j . b . d2 …Eq[8 b]
2
R, be relative bending moment of section of beam,
f
Letting, R  c .k . j then service load moment resistance of section
2 may be written as,

 M R . b . d2 …Eq[8 c]

Rearranging Eq.(8c), the effective depth of section required by singly

reinforced beam obtained as,

M
 d 
R.b
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 Design Equations for Singly…
Taking moment of internal forces about line of action of Cc

x
M  Ts . ( d  )
3 j

 M  As . f s . d . (1
k
) …Eq[9 a]
3

 M  As . f s . j . d …Eq[9 b]

Rearranging Eq.(9b), the area of tension steel required by beam

section is obtained as,
M
As 
fs . j . d
Examples 10
 Type of Singly Reinforced Beam Sections-Based
on Modes of Stresses

 Depending on the amount of steel used by section,

singly reinforced sections are divided into three:
1. Balanced section,
2. Over-reinforced section and
3. Under-reinforced section.

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 1. Balanced Section:
The most economical section in terms of material usage. In this section, the
maximum stresses in both the reinforcement and the concrete reach
simultaneously the respective permissible value.

f c  f c , allow and f s  f s , allow

The balanced steel ratio is rewritten as

n This equation would gives the balanced steel ratio of
b  singly reinforced section in such away that the
2r . ( n  r ) maximum stresses developed in steel and concrete
when section subjected to service load moment will
reach simultaneously the respective allowable
f s , allow stresses.
Where r 
f c , allow
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 1. Balanced Section:

The corresponding lever-arm ratio and relative bending

moment of balanced singly reinforced section are
obtained by:
kb
jb  (1 )
3

f c, allow
Rb  . kb . jb
2

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 2. Over-reinforced Section if  > b:

Over-reinforced sections are those that contain more reinforcement

than the balanced one. Hence, as the applied moment is increased, the
maximum stress in concrete reaches its permissible value first; and
by the time the stress in reinforcement reaches its permissible
stress, the concrete is over stressed. used to determine
used to neutral axis depth ratio
f s  f s , allow determine area f c, allow k
M . k . b . d 2 . (1  )
of tension steel 2 3
f c  f c , allow or
M  As . f s . j . d
An increase of load produces over stress in
n . (1  k )
where fs  . f c , allow  f s , allow concrete earlier than the reinforcement; as a
k result the concrete crushes in compression.
Such failure is sudden and occurs without
warning. For this reasons, over-reinforced
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section is not recommended in design.
 3.Under-reinforced Section if  < b:

Under reinforced sections are those that contain less reinforcement than the
balanced one. In such sections, the tensile reinforcement is insufficient to
develop the full strength of the concrete in compression, so that when the
reinforcement is fully stressed, the concrete is under-stressed.

f s  f s , allow The maximum moment of resistance:

fc k
f c  f c , allow M 
2
. k . b . d 2 . (1  )
3 or M  As . f s , allow . j . d

Here, failure is more gradual than over-

Where reinforced section. As when steel is over-
stressed, the steel yields but is still able to
k support the yield stress since steel is a ductile
f c  f s , allow .  f c , allow
n . (1  k ) material. Therefore, from both safety and
economic point of view, it is recommended to
design section of flexural member as under-
reinforced section. 15
 Control of Deflection
The deflection of structure or part of structure shall not adversely affect
the appearance or efficiency of structure or finishes or partitions. For
beams and slabs, the vertical deflection limits may generally be assumed to
be satisfied provided that the minimum depth required by deflection
specified by code is maintained.
ACI code provide minimum depth required by beams and one-way slabs
in terms of span length as given in table below can be used as a crude
estimate of initial depth to control deflection.
Simply End Interior Cantilever
Types of Member supported spans Spans spans
Beams or S-400MPa l/16 l/18.5 l/21 l/8
one–way ribbed slab S-300MPa l/20 l/23 l/26 l/10
One-way solid S-400MPa l/20 l/24 l/28 l/10

slab S-300MPa l/25 l/30 l/35 l/12.5

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 Control of Deflection

EBCS-2 provide minimum effective depth, ‘d’ to be used to control

deflection is given as,

fy le
d  ( 0.4  0.6 ).
400 a
Where:

fy --characteristic yield strength of steel in Mpa.

le --effective span length; and for two-way slabs, the shorter span length
 a --constant as given in table on the next slide.

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 Control of Deflection
The value of a

Simply End Interior Cantilever

Member supported spans spans Spans
Beams 20 24 28 10
Slabs
a) span ll ls  2 ratio, 25 30 35 12
(includes one-way slabs)
b) span ratio, ll ls  1 35 40 45 10

Examples
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 Doubly-Reinforced Rectangular Beam Section

If the section of RC beam is limited in dimension (usually depth), it can not

develop the compressive force required to resist the applied bending
moment as singly reinforced section. That is, the applied moment is greater
than the balanced moment capacity of singly reinforced section. For small
increase of moment over the balanced one, over-reinforced section can be
used, which is not recommended in design.

A more economical and safe way of designing section in such case is to

provide reinforcement in compression zone of RC section. This section
termed as Doubly Reinforced Section.

The purpose of reinforcement in compression zone of RC section is to

assist the concrete in resisting compressive force and to keep the neutral
axis at the ideal position ensuring balanced type failure.

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 Doubly-Reinforced Rectangular Beam Section

Consider a doubly reinforced rectangular section subjected to a service

load moment, as shown below.

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 Doubly-Reinforced Rectangular Beam Section

•Two couples method is used to determine the required areas of tension and
compression reinforcement by treating doubly reinforced section into two
parts.

•The total resisting moment is equal to the sum of two resisting couples: one
of which is provided by given cross-section of beam without compression
reinforcement with a partial tension steel area, As1 that balance concrete in
compression; and the other by compression steel, A1 and the remainder of
tension steel area, As 2 .
s

•Thus, the section with compression steel is designed as balanced reinforced

section in such away that compression steel and extra tension steel are
proportioned by maintaining the balanced neutral axis depth.

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 Doubly-Reinforced Rectangular Beam Section

Let M1 --balanced moment capacity of a section if singly reinforced

M2 --excess moment produced by compression steel plus excess tension steel

Then, total moment capacity of doubly reinforced section is,

M  M1  M 2 M1 C2  T2 
M2
As1  ( d  d1 )
f s , allow . jb . d
M 1  M b  Rb . b . d 2
T2 M2
Area of excess tension steel is obtained as, As 2  
f s , allow f s , allow . ( d  d 1 )

Therefore, total area of tension steel required by doubly reinforced section

is obtained as,
As  As1  As 2
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Doubly-Reinforced Rectangular Beam Section

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Doubly-Reinforced Rectangular Beam Section

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 Flanged Section (T- or L-section) under Flexure

In construction of building structures, the slab is usually supported by a

system of beams. If the connection between the beam and the slab
adequately transmit longitudinal shear force, then the beam and slab
together may act as a homogeneous section of T- or L-forms.

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