HT 3

Pengaruh unsur paduan pada baja: unsur
penstabil ferit, austenit, pembentuk karbida,

pembentuk nitrida, pengaruh temperatur
pada pembentukan martensit
(1x)
TIK
- Memahami unsur penstabil ferit,
- penstabil austenit,
- pembentuk karbida dan
- pembentukan nitrida.
Carbon and Alloy Steels
• All of these steels are alloys of Fe and C

– Plain carbon steels (less than 2% carbon and
negligible amounts of other residual elements)
• Low Carbon (less than 0.3% carbon)
• Med Carbon (0.3% to 0.6%)
• High Carbon (0.6% to 0.95%)
– Low Alloy Steel
– High Alloy Steel
– Stainless Steels (Corrosion-Resistant Steels)
– contain at least 10.5% Chromium
Carbon and Alloy Steels
Designation system in Steels
Designation system in Steels
AISI - SAE Classification System
AISI XXXX
American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)
• classifies alloys by chemistry
• 4 digit number
– 1st number is the major alloying element
– 2nd number designates the subgroup
alloying element OR the relative percent of
primary alloying element.
– last two numbers approximate amount of
carbon (expresses in 0.01%)
AISI - SAE Classification
System
• letter prefix to designate the process used to produce

the steel
– E = electric furnace
– X = indicates permissible variations
• If a letter is inserted between the 2nd and 3rd number
– B = boron has been added
– L = lead has been added
• Letter suffix
– H = when hardenability is a major requirement
• Other designation organizations
– ASTM and MIL
Alloy steel
Alloy Steel
Alloy Steel
Alloy Steel
• > 1.65%Mn, > 0.60% Si, or >0.60% Cu
• Most common alloy elements:
– Chromium, nickel, molybdenum, vanadium,
tungsten, cobalt, boron, and copper.
• Low alloy: Added in small percents (<5%)
– increase strength and hardenability
• High alloy: Added in large percents (>20%)
– i.e. > 10.5% Cr = stainless steel where Cr improves
corrosion resistance and stability at high or low
temps
Low alloys : Low Carbon
Low alloys : Med. Carbon
Low alloys : High & Ultra high-Carbon Steel
Alloying Elements used in
Steel
Manganese (Mn)
• combines with sulfur to prevent brittleness
• >1%
– increases hardenability
• 11% to 14%
– increases hardness
– good ductility
– high strain hardening capacity
– excellent wear resistance
• Ideal for impact resisting tools
Alloying Elements used
in Steel
Sulfur (S)
• Imparts brittleness
• Improves machineability
• Okay if combined with Mn
• Some free-machining steels contain
0.08% to 0.15% S
• Examples of S alloys:
– 11xx – sulfurized (free-cutting)
Alloying Elements used in Steel
Nickel (Ni)
• Provides strength, stability and toughness,
Examples of Ni alloys:
– 30xx – Nickel (0.70%), chromium (0.70%)
– 33XX – Nickel (3.50%), chromium (1.50%)
Chromium (Cr)
• Usually < 2%
• increase hardenability and strength
• Offers corrosion resistance by forming stable oxide surface
• typically used in combination with Ni and Mo
– 30XX – Nickel (0.70%), chromium (0.70%)
– 5xxx – chromium alloys
– 6xxx – chromium-vanadium alloys
– 41xxx – chromium-molybdenum alloys
Molybdenum (Mo)
• Usually < 0.3%
• increase hardenability and strength
• Mo-carbides help increase creep resistance at elevated temps
– typical application is hot working tools
Vanadium (V)
• Usually 0.03% to 0.25%
• increase strength
– without loss of ductility
Tungsten (W)
• helps to form stable carbides
• increases hot hardness
– used in tool steels
Copper (Cu)
• 0.10% to 0.50%
• increase corrosion resistance
• Reduced surface quality and hot-working ability
• used in low carbon sheet steel and structural
steels
Silicon (Si)
• About 2%
• increase strength without loss of ductility
• enhances magnetic properties
Boron (B)
• for low carbon steels, can drastically
increase hardenability
• improves machinablity and cold
forming capacity
Aluminum (Al)
• deoxidizer
• 0.95% to 1.30%
• produce Al-nitrides during nitriding

HT 3

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HT 3

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Pengaruh unsur paduan pada baja: unsur

penstabil ferit, austenit, pembentuk karbida,

• All of these steels are alloys of Fe and C

• letter prefix to designate the process used to produce

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