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Plant Structure and Function

The document discusses plant structure and function. It describes the phylogeny of plants from early green algae to advanced flowering plants. It then details the major parts of plants including leaves, seeds, flowers, stems, and roots. It explains seed structure including cotyledons, seed coats, endosperm, and embryos. It also differentiates between monocot and dicot seeds. The document outlines male and female flower parts and how fertilization occurs. It describes primary growth, vascular tissue including xylem and phloem, and the roles of stems, roots, and leaves. Key plant processes like photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration are also summarized.

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203 views32 pages

Plant Structure and Function

The document discusses plant structure and function. It describes the phylogeny of plants from early green algae to advanced flowering plants. It then details the major parts of plants including leaves, seeds, flowers, stems, and roots. It explains seed structure including cotyledons, seed coats, endosperm, and embryos. It also differentiates between monocot and dicot seeds. The document outlines male and female flower parts and how fertilization occurs. It describes primary growth, vascular tissue including xylem and phloem, and the roles of stems, roots, and leaves. Key plant processes like photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration are also summarized.

Uploaded by

sahi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PLANT

STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION
THE PHYLOGENY OF
PLANTS…
Charophytes (green algae)

Bryophytes (non vascular)

Trachoephytes (seedless, vascular)

Gymnosperms (“naked seeds”,vascular)

Angiosperms (contained seeds, vascular)


Monocots / Dicots
Major Parts of a Plant
– Leaves
 Where photosynthesis
occurs

– Seeds
 Method of sexual
reproduction

– Flower
 Site where
reproduction occurs

– Stem
 Transports nutrients
and supports the plant

– Root
 take in nutrients and
anchor plant
The Seed
 Parts of a Seed
– Cotyledon

 The first leaves of a plant

– Seed Coat

 Outside covering of a seed

– Endosperm

 Food storage tissue that nourishes


the embryo

– Embryo

– New plant developed after


fertilization
Types of Seeds

Monocots
– A seed with only one cotyledon
– All grasses are monocots
– Flower parts in threes
– Leaves with parallel primary veins
Dicots
– A seed with two cotyledons
– Flower parts in fours or fives
– Leaves with distinct vein network
– All broadleaf plants are dicots
Seed Parts
Fertilizationzygoteseed (embryo)

 Plumule- is like a
leave in its early
development becomes
the shoot
 Hypocotyl- develops
into the stem
 Radicle- Becomes
roots
Male Parts of the
Flower

Stamen- Makes up all male parts

Pollen- Male sex cell, similar to sperm

Anther- Sac-like structure on top of the filament

Filament- Short stalk that holds the anther


Female Parts of the
Flower
Pistil- Makes up all female parts

Ovules- Female sex cell, similar to the egg

Stigma- Sticky part of the system, catches pollen

Style-Tube that leads from the stigma to the ovary

Ovary- Place where ovule is fertilized by the


pollen, Turns into a fruit or seed coat
Primary Growth
 Occurs in apical meristems of plant
– (found at tips of stems and roots)
PROBLEM!
IF THE CUTICLE BLOCKS WATER,
WHAT ELSE IS PREVENTED FROM
ENTERING/EXITING THE PLANT?

C O 2 !!
Solution?
 STOMATA!
– Tiny pores in epidermis surrounded by
two guard cells!
– Open during the day! Why?
 PS occurs during the day
 Transpiration necessary for cooling
VASCULAR TISSUE
 2 MAJOR TYPES:
– XYLEM TISSUE
– PHLOEM TISSUE
– Found together in VASCULAR BUNDLES
– Arise primarily from apical meristem
– Arise secondarily from vascular cambium
XYLEM TISSUE
 CONDUCTS WATER
 PROVIDES MECHANICAL SUPPORT

 2 TYPES OF XYLEM CELLS:


– TRACHEIDS:
– VESSEL ELEMENTS:
PHLOEM TISSUE
 CONDUCTS SUGARS
 COMPOSED OF TWO CELL TYPES:
– SIEVE-TUBE MEMBERS
– COMPANION CELLS
Sieve tube members
 Form sieve tubes to conduct sugars
throughout plant
 Lack nuclei, ribosomes, vacuoles, etc.

Vascular
bundle
xylem
Stems
 Transports food, water, and nutrients

 Supports the leaves and flowers


Parts of the Stem
– Xylem

 Water and minerals travel up to other plant parts

– Phloem

 Manufactured food travels down to other plant parts

– Cambium

– Separates xylem and phloem


Types of Root Systems
– Fibrous Roots

– Easier to transplant

 Short, small, compact roots

– Tap Root

– Difficult to transplant, since


most of the tap root is cut-off

 Tap root is primarily used for


storage of food

 In both types, most nutrients


and water are absorbed by
root hair
 Fibrous Roots
– Monocots
– Several roots of same size w/ branching
 Roots can be adapted for storage of
nutrients:
– Example: Carrot (Taproot)
Sweet Potato (Fibrous Root)
Plant Processes
– Photosynthesis

 Mixes light, water, and carbon dioxide in the presence of


chlorophyll to produce sugar and oxygen

– Respiration

 Combines sugars and oxygen to give off water and heat

– Transpiration

– Loss of water through the leaves or stems

– Causes wilting when soil is dry


Animal Water Wind

Dispersal of Seeds

Gravity Wind Force


Plant Systems
 There are 3 main plant
systems:
 Reproductive – this is the
flower structure
 Transport – this is the
stem and roots and their
xylem and phloem
 Energy – this is the leaf
and other areas of
photosynthesis.
Leaf Tissue – What
happens where?

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