LAN AND INTER-WORKING DEVICES

M.S.CHAWLA
SDE(COMPUTER)
RTTC RAJPURA
 LAN-WAN NETWORKS
• LOCAL AREA NETWORK(LAN)
• Works in a single office, building or campus
• Most common LAN topologies are bus, ring
• & Star
• Ethernet was early network introduced
in1980
• Wide Area Network- Provides long distance
Transmission over large geographical area
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)-
Connecting Number of LANs into a larger
Networks using WAN circuits.
 Network Topologies (Mesh & Star)
Topology is the geometric represen.of
all the links &linking devices
• Mesh-Dedicated point to • Star-Each Device has a
point link between dedicated point to point
devices link to a central controller,
• Advantages: Dedicated called a hub
link & fault isolation is • Adv.:-Less Expensive
easy
• Fault isolation is easy &
• Disadvantages: More each device needs only
Space and Hardware one link
requirement
• Disadvantage.:-If hub
fails whole network will be
down.
 Tree Topology

1. The Central hub in the tree is an active hub.

2. An active contains a repeater
3. The secondary hubs can be active or passive

Bus Topology

Advantages:- Multi point, Ease of installation & uses

less cables than mesh, Star and tree topologies
Disadvantages:- Difficult to add new devices & a fault
in the bus cable stops all transmission
Ring Topology

1. Each device is connected with the two devices on

either side of it.

2.Adv.:- To add or delete a device requires only two

connections & fault isolations is simplified

3. Disadvantages:- A break in ring can disable the

entire network

Hybrid Topology
Mixed topology using star or mesh & Ring according
to the need
Inter-working Devices
 Inter-working Devices

• HUB

• BRIDGES

• LAN SWITCHES

• ROUTERS

• GATEWAYS
HUB
 HUB
• The active central element of the star
layout.
. When a single station transmits the hub
repeats the signal on the outgoing line to
each station
. Physically a star ; logically a bus
. Hubs can be cascaded in a hierarchical
configuration.
 HUB
• Hubs are essentially physical layer
repeaters
• Bits coming from one link go out all other
links as the same rate.
• No frame buffering
 HUB
• Bus topology popular through mid 90s
• Now star topology prevails
• Connections choices
• Hub or Switch
 Interconnecting with hubs
• Backbone hub interconnects LAN
segments
• Extends max distance between nodes
• But individual segment collision domains
become one large collision domain
• Can’t interconnect 100 Base T
Bridges
 Bridges
• Allow connections between LANs and to WANs
• Operates at Layer 2(Data Link Layer) of OSI
• Used between networks using identical physical
and link layer protocols
• Provide a number of advantages:-
• Reliability: Creates self contained units
• Performances- Less Contentions
• Security: Not all data broadcast to all users
• Geography : Allows long distance links
 Bridges
Functions
• Read all frames from each network
• Accept frames from sender on ane
network that are addressed to a receiver
on the other network
• Retransmit frames from sender using MAC
protocol for receiver
• Must have some routing information stored
in order to know which frames to pass.
 Bridges

• If a Bridge receives a packet with a

destination address that is not in the
address table, it forwards the packet to all
networks or network segments except the
one on which it was received.
• Bridges are a combination of both
hardware and software, typically a black
box that sits between the two networks
LAN SWITCH
 SWITCH-Self Learning

• A switch has a switch table

• Entry in switch table:
• MAC Address,Interface,Time Stamp
• Stale entries in table dropped (TTL can be 60
min)
• Switch learns which hosts can be reached
through various interfaces:-
• When frames received ,switch “learns” location
of sender: incoming LAN segment
• Records sender/location pair in switch table.
 SWITCH
Filtering /Forwarding
• When switch receives a frame:-
• Searches the switch table using MAC
destination address
• If entry found for destination then forward
the frame on interface indicated, If it has
not come from the same segment
• Else drop the frame
• If no match found in the switch table.flood
on all the other interfaces.
 SWITCH
traffic isolation
• Switch filters packet:
• Same LAN segment frames not usually
forwarded onto other LAN segments
• Segments become separate collision
domains
 SWITCH
Dedicated access
• Switch with many interfaces
• Hosts have direct connection to switch
• No collisions full duplex
 SWITCH

• Like bridges switches operate at the data

link layer
• Switches connect two or more computers
or network segments that use the same
data link and network protocol.
 Types of Switches

• Switch establishes a connection between two

segments just long enough to send the current
packet
• Incoming packets (part of an Ethernet frame) are
saved to a temporary memory area (buffer)
• MAC address contained in the header is read
and then compared to a list of addresses
maintained in the switch’s lookup table
 Types of Switches

• Route the packet using one of the

following methods:-
• Cut through
• Store and forward
• Fragment free
 Cut through Switching
• After storing the MAC address (6 bytes)
switch begin sending the packet to the
destination node, even as the rest of the
packet is coming into the switch.
• No CRC Checking (disadvantage)
• Fast Switching (advantage)
 Store and Forward Switching
• Switch will save the entire packet to the
buffer and check it for the CRC errors or
another problems sending
• Otherwise the switch looks up the MAC
address and sends the packet on to the
destination node.
• Slow (disadvantage)
• Error free operation (advantage)
 Fragment free Switching
• Work lite cut through except that it stores
the first 64 bytes of the packet before
sending
• The reason for this is that most errors and
all collisions occur during the initial 64
bytes of a packet
• Still CRC cannot be checked
(disadvantage)
• Faster (advantage)
 Layer 3 Switches
• Problems with layer 2 switches
• Broadcast overload because of the single MAC
broadcast address
• The above problem can be solved with several subnets
connected by routers. However
• i) A MAC broadcast frame is then limited to only the
devices and switches contained in a single subnet
• A Router does all IP level processing some of which
could be not necessary
• It is implemented in software and slow
• Layer 3 Switches implement the packet forwarding logic
of the router in switch hardware.
 Transparent Bridging
• A Technology that allows a switch to learn
everything it needs to know about the location
on the nodes on network without the network
administrator having to do anything
• Transparent bridging has five parts:
• Learning
• Flooding
• Filtering
• Forwarding
• Aging
Routers and Gateways
 Routers
• Routers operate at the network layer.Routers
connect two or more LANs that use same or
different data link protocols , but the same
network protocol
• Routers may be “black boxes”,computers with
several NICs or special network modules in
computers
• In general they perform more processing on
each message that bridges and therefore
operate more slowly
 Routers Vs Bridges
• Routers can choose the best route.
• Routers also only process messages
specifically addressed to it.
• Routers can connect networks using
different data link layer protocols.
Therefore routers are able to change data
link layer packets.
• Routers may split a message into sevaral
smaller messages for transmission.
 Routers Vs Switches
• Both store and forward devices
• Routers network layer devices (examine
network layer headers)
• Switches are link layer devices.
• Routers maintain routing tables
,implement routing algorithms
• Switches maintain switch tables,
implement filtering learning algorithms
 Switches Vs Repeaters
• Repeaters (hubs) are old technology.
• A repeater sends (repeats) packets that are incoming on
one port, out all other ports
• Can only operate in half duplex mode
• Bandwidth and jitter provided to any single device is
highly dependent on the LAN traffic
• A Switch learns the MAC addresses of the devices
connected to it and sends packets directly and only to
the target end point
• Provides much more consistent bandwidth and latency
(low jitter)
• A well designed switched LAN is important for
videoconferencing
 Gateways
• One of the most common uses of gateways is to enable
LANs that use TCP/IP and ethernet to communicate with
IBM mainframes that use SNA
• The gateways provides both the basic system
interconnection and the necessary translation between
the protocols in both directions.
• Two type of gateways:
• Network gateway:- Terminates the network level protocol
• Application gateway:- Translates the application level
protocol
 Architecture Layers
• Network designs are made up of three
technology layers:-
• The access layer which is the technology
used in LANs
• The distribution layer connects LANs
together
• The core Layer connects different
backbone networks together.
Thank you