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Chapter 10 Selfstudy

This document provides an overview of database management systems and how they are used to store geographic data for GIS applications. It discusses the main types of DBMS, including relational, object, and object-relational systems. Geographic data is stored in database tables, with each data layer represented as a table. The document also outlines the key capabilities provided by DBMS and how SQL is used as the standard query language.

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40 views16 pages

Chapter 10 Selfstudy

This document provides an overview of database management systems and how they are used to store geographic data for GIS applications. It discusses the main types of DBMS, including relational, object, and object-relational systems. Geographic data is stored in database tables, with each data layer represented as a table. The document also outlines the key capabilities provided by DBMS and how SQL is used as the standard query language.

Uploaded by

lojien
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 10

Presented by: Mofeed Samir


Contents
• Introduction
• Database management systems
• Types of DBMS
• Storing data in DBMS tables
• SQL
• Conclusion
Introduction
• Geographic databases are simply databases containing
geographic data for a particular area and subject.
• A geographic database is a critical part of an operational GIS.
This is both because of the cost of creation and maintenance,
and because of the impact of a geographic database on all
analysis, modeling, and decision-making activities.
• Databases can be physically stored in files or in specialist
software programs called database management systems
(DBMS).
• Today, most large organizations use a combination of files and
DBMS for storing data assets.
Database management systems
• A DBMS is a software application designed to organize the
efficient and effective storage and access of data.
Database management systems
• To carry out this function DBMS provide a number of
important capabilities:
1) A data model.
2) A data load capability.
3) Indexes.
4) A query language.
5) Security.
6) Controlled update.
7) Backup and recovery.
8) Database administration tools.
9) Applications.
10) Application programming interfaces (APIs).
Types of DBMS
• DBMS can be classified according to the way they store and
manipulate data. Three main types of DBMS are available to
GIS users today:
1) Relational (RDBMS)
2) Object (ODBMS)
3) Object-relational (ORDBMS).
Relational database management
systems (RDBMS)
• A relational database comprises a set of tables, each a two-
dimensional list (or array) of records contain in attributes
about the objects under study. This apparently simple
structure has proven to be remarkably flexible and useful in a
wide range of application areas, such that today over 95% of
the data in DBMS are stored in RDBMS.
• RDBMS were focused primarily on business applications such
as banking, human resource management, and stock control
and inventory, they were never designed to deal with rich data
types, such as geographic objects, sound, and video
• These problems are compounded by the difficulty of
extending RDBMS to support geographic data types and
processing functions, which obviously limits their adoption for
geographic applications.
Object database management
systems (ODBMS)
• Object database management systems (ODBMS) were
initially designed to address several of the weaknesses of
RDBMS.
• ODBMS can store objects persistently (semi-permanently on
disk or other media) and provide object-oriented query tools.
A number of commercial ODBMS have been developed
including:
1) GemStone/S Object Server from Gem- Stone Systems Inc.
2) Objectivity/DB from Objectivity Inc.
3) ObjectStore from Progress Software
4) Versant from Versant Object Technology Corp.
Object-relational database
management systems (ORDBMS)
• An ORDBMS can be thought of as an RDBMS engine with an
extensibility framework for handling objects.
• ORDBMS can support geographic data types and functions.
• They can handle both the data describing what an object is
(object attributes such as color, size, and age) and the
behavior that determines what an object does (object
methods or functions such as drawing instructions, query
interfaces, and interpolation algorithms) and these can be
managed and stored together as an integrated whole.
• Examples of ORDBMS software include:
1) IBM DB2
2) Informix Dynamic Server
3) Microsoft SQL Server
4) Oracle
Storing data in DBMS tables
• The lowest level of user interaction with a geographic
database is usually the object class (also called a layer or
feature class), which is an organized collection of data on a
particular theme (e.g., all pipes in a water network, all soil
polygons in a river basin, or all elevation values in a terrain
surface).
• Object classes are stored in standard database tables. A table
is a two-dimensional array of rows and columns.
• Each object class is stored as a single database table in a
database management system (DBMS).
Storing data in DBMS tables
• Relational databases are made up of tables. Each geographic
class (layer) is stored as a table.
• Database tables can be joined together to create new views of
the database.
Storing data in DBMS tables
A) B)
Storing data in DBMS tables
C)

Figure 10.2 GIS database tables for US States: (A) STATES table; (B)
POPULATION table; (C) joined table – COMBINED
STATES and POPULATION
SQL
• SQL is the standard database query language. Today it has
geographic capabilities.
• The standard database query language adopted by virtually
all mainstream databases is SQL (Structured or Standard
Query Language: ISO Standard ISO/IEC 9075).
• SQL may be used directly via an interactive command line
interface; it may be compiled in a general-purpose
programming language (e.g., C/C++/C#, Java, or Visual Basic);
or it may be embedded in a graphical user interface (GUI).
• SQL is a set based, rather than a procedural (e.g., Visual Basic)
or object-oriented (e.g., Java or C#), programming language
designed to retrieve sets (row and column combinations) of
data from tables.
Conclusion
• Database management systems are now a vital part of large
modern operational GIS. They bring with them standardized
approaches for storing and, more importantly, accessing and
manipulating geographic data using the SQL query language.
• GIS provide the necessary tools to load, edit, query, analyze,
and display geographic data.
• DBMS require a database administrator (DBA) to control
database structure and security, and to tune the database to
achieve maximum performance.
• Innovative work in the GIS field has extended standard DBMS
to store and manage geographic data and has led to the
development of long transactions and versioning that have
application across several fields.

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