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    4.3 How Fast - Rates

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    4.3 How Fast - Rates

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    120 views26 pages

    4.3 How Fast - Rates

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    nathaaaa
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    of 26

    1 of 26 © Boardworks Ltd 2010

    2 of 26 © Boardworks Ltd 2010


    Rate of reaction and activation energy
    Reactions occur when reactant particles collide with a
    minimum amount of energy called the activation energy.

    The rate of reaction is


    defined as the change in
    concentration of reactants
    (or products) per unit time.

    The activation energy for a


    reaction is the minimum
    amount of energy that
    particles need to have if a
    collision between them is to
    result in a reaction.

    3 of 26 © Boardworks Ltd 2010


    Factors affecting rate of reaction

    4 of 26 © Boardworks Ltd 2010


    Rates: true or false?

    5 of 26 © Boardworks Ltd 2010


    Measuring rates of reaction
    To measure the rate of reaction, we need to be able to
    measure either how quickly the reactants are used up or how
    quickly the products are formed. The method used for
    measuring depends on the substances involved.

    If a graph of concentration or volume of products or reactants


    is plotted against time, the gradient will be the rate of reaction.
    concentration

    concentration
    of reactants

    of products

    time time
    6 of 26 © Boardworks Ltd 2010
    Measuring rates

    7 of 26 © Boardworks Ltd 2010


    Rates of reaction: testing

    8 of 26 © Boardworks Ltd 2010


    9 of 26 © Boardworks Ltd 2010
    The rate equation
    The rate equation is an equation that relates the
    concentrations of substances involved in a reaction to the
    rate of the reaction. For the reaction A + B C

    the rate of reaction depends on the concentrations of A and B


    ([A] and [B]) and various constants in the following way:

    Rate = k [A]m [B]n

     k is the rate constant (units depend of values of m and n)

     m is the order of reaction with respect to A

     n is the order of reaction with respect to B.

    m + n = overall order of the reaction


    10 of 26 © Boardworks Ltd 2010
    Determining the rate equation
    The rate equation can be determined by completing a
    series of experiments varying the concentrations of each of
    the reactants.

    A + B C

    To determine how [A] affects the rate, several different


    experiments can be carried out in which [B] is kept constant
    and [A] is changed. The data can then be used to work out the
    relationship between rate and [A].

    A similar set of experiments can be carried out keeping [A]


    constant and varying [B] to determine how changing [B]
    affects the rate of reaction.

    11 of 26 © Boardworks Ltd 2010


    Orders of reaction

    12 of 26 © Boardworks Ltd 2010


    Orders of reaction: summary

    13 of 26 © Boardworks Ltd 2010


    The effect of temperature on k
    When temperature increases, rate of reaction increases. This
    is because the rate constant, k, increases with temperature.

    rate constant, k
    temperature (K)
    (mol dm3 s–1)

    k (mol dm3 s–1)


    556 4.45 × 10–5
    575 1.37 × 10–4
    629 2.52 × 10–3
    666 1.41 × 10–2
    700 6.43 × 10–2
    temp. (K)
    781 1.34

    14 of 26 © Boardworks Ltd 2010


    Rate equations: true or false?

    15 of 26 © Boardworks Ltd 2010


    16 of 26 © Boardworks Ltd 2010
    Example rate calculations

    17 of 26 © Boardworks Ltd 2010


    Rate calculations

    18 of 26 © Boardworks Ltd 2010


    Rate determining step
    Many reactions take place using more than one step.

    In a reaction such as this one, it is highly unlikely that all three


    reactant particles will collide at the same time. It is more likely
    that this reaction will take place in a number of steps that
    involve other species, called intermediates.

    BrO3– + 6H+ + 5Br – 3Br2 + 3H2O

    In a multi-step reaction, the slowest step is called the rate


    determining step.

    Any step that occurs after the rate determining step will not
    affect the rate of reaction, and therefore will not appear in the
    rate equation.

    19 of 26 © Boardworks Ltd 2010


    More about the rate determining step

    20 of 26 © Boardworks Ltd 2010


    The rate equation and mechanisms

    21 of 26 © Boardworks Ltd 2010


    Rate determining step: questions

    22 of 26 © Boardworks Ltd 2010


    23 of 26 © Boardworks Ltd 2010
    Glossary

    24 of 26 © Boardworks Ltd 2010


    What’s the keyword?

    25 of 26 © Boardworks Ltd 2010


    Multiple-choice quiz

    26 of 26 © Boardworks Ltd 2010

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