GIS can be used to perform spatial analysis and answer questions about location, conditions, trends, patterns, and modeling. It uniquely integrates geographic and attribute data by linking data to locations. GIS layers represent real-world features digitally and consist of spatial data describing location and attribute data specifying characteristics, with properties of orientation, scale, accuracy, and resolution.
GIS can be used to perform spatial analysis and answer questions about location, conditions, trends, patterns, and modeling. It uniquely integrates geographic and attribute data by linking data to locations. GIS layers represent real-world features digitally and consist of spatial data describing location and attribute data specifying characteristics, with properties of orientation, scale, accuracy, and resolution.
GIS can be used to perform spatial analysis and answer questions about location, conditions, trends, patterns, and modeling. It uniquely integrates geographic and attribute data by linking data to locations. GIS layers represent real-world features digitally and consist of spatial data describing location and attribute data specifying characteristics, with properties of orientation, scale, accuracy, and resolution.
GIS can be used to perform spatial analysis and answer questions about location, conditions, trends, patterns, and modeling. It uniquely integrates geographic and attribute data by linking data to locations. GIS layers represent real-world features digitally and consist of spatial data describing location and attribute data specifying characteristics, with properties of orientation, scale, accuracy, and resolution.
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Review Questions
• Give 4 examples of operations that can be carried out
using GIS in geographical analysis • What is the unique attribute of GIS that separate it from other information system platform? • What is spatial/geographical data? • What is the difference between data and information? • Why do you think it is necessary to use GIS in spatial analysis? • Identify 5 capabilities of GIS • Explain the differences between GIScience, GISystem and GIStudies GIS: Questions, Model and Subsystem GIS What? Links databases and maps Manages information about places Helps answer questions such as: Where is it? What else is nearby? Where is the highest concentration of‘X’? Where can I find things with characteristic‘Y’? Where is the closest‘Z’ to my location? Questions that can be answered using a GIS? Location:What is existing at a particular location?
Condition:Where can we find a location satisfying certain conditions?
Trends:What has changed at a particular location over time?Where can we find locations with given changes in conditions? Seeks to find the differences within an area over time. Patterns:What are the spatial patterns that exist? E.g. How many schools are there within certain radius of a town? Modelling:What happens if some change takes place? Eg. A new road is • added to a highway or a dam is located across a catchment area. Working with GIS
A number of data layers can represent the many
geographies of the real world The GIS Data Model: Purpose Allows the geographic features in real world locations to be digitally represented and stored in a database so that they can be abstractly presented in map (analogue or digital) form, and can also be worked with and manipulated to address some problem Integrate it…
Data integration A GIS makes it possible to link, or integrate, information that is difficult to associate through any other means. The GIS Data Model: Implementation Geographic Integration of Information
Utilities
Zoning Buildings Parcels Hydrography Streets
Digital Orthophoto
•Data is organized by layers, coverages or themes (synonomous
concepts), with each layer representing a common fe ature. • Layers are integrated using explicit location on the earth's surface, thus geographic location is the organizing principal . The GIS Model: example Here we have three layers or themes: / --roads ' / roads --hyd rology (water), --topog raphy (land elevation) longitud e They ca n be related because prec ise geographic coordinates are recorded for each theme.
ayers are comprised of two data types
•Spatial data which describes location (where) •Attribute data specifing what, how much,when longitude Layers may be represented in two ways: •in vector format as poin ts and lines •in raster(or image) format as pixels All geographic data has 4 properties: longitud e orientation, scale, accuracy and resolution How does a GIS work?... Relating information from different sources
Ability to relate different information in a spatial
context and to reach a conclusion about this relationship. E.g. rainfall information can be modelled with compared with other information, such as the location of areas that are prone to flooding across the landscape. Flood Risk Map: Probability of areas getting flooded during rainy seasons This inference can help us make the most appropriate decisions development and activities in such area (DRM, Land use planning etc. How does a GIS work?... Projection and registration Map information in a GIS must be manipulated so that it registers, or fits, with information gathered from other maps. A GIS uses the processing power of the computer to transform digital information, gathered from sources with different projections, to a common projection. GIS Subsystems Data acquisition subsystem: which includes all the hardware, software, procedure and expertise used to acquire spatial data for GIS implementation.
Database management and analysis subsystem : includes all
the hardware, software, the procedure and expertise used for the storage, manipulation, analysis and retrieval of the spatial data acquired with the first subsystem.
Information presentation & Geovisualisation subsystem:
includes the hardware, software, procedure and expertise for the presentation & visualisation of information derived from the second subsystem GIS Subsystems… Information Data Presentation & Acquisition Visualisation GPS and other Statistics survey methods Database management and analysis maps Enquiries / social surveys management Photogrammetry/ input output Reports Remote Sensing
Existing Analysis multimedia
maps
Other Other databases databases Review Questions
1. Using an example each describe 3 classes of questions that
can be answered using GIS 2. What is the difference between spatial and attribute data layers in GIS 3. Name the two ways GIS layers/data can be represented 4. Identify the 4 properties of geographic data 5. Illustrate the linkage among the components of GIS subsystem
