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Sonar: Firestone (1940) and Simons (1945)

Ultrasonic testing uses high-frequency sound waves to detect imperfections in materials in a non-destructive way. The most common technique is pulse-echo testing, where sound is introduced into a material and reflections from internal flaws or surfaces are detected. Ultrasonic testing has been used since the 1930s and was improved through the development of pulsed testing and for applications like thickness gauging and weld inspection. Proper equipment calibration, probe selection, and scanning techniques are important for effective ultrasonic testing.

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Tom Jones
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86 views

Sonar: Firestone (1940) and Simons (1945)

Ultrasonic testing uses high-frequency sound waves to detect imperfections in materials in a non-destructive way. The most common technique is pulse-echo testing, where sound is introduced into a material and reflections from internal flaws or surfaces are detected. Ultrasonic testing has been used since the 1930s and was improved through the development of pulsed testing and for applications like thickness gauging and weld inspection. Proper equipment calibration, probe selection, and scanning techniques are important for effective ultrasonic testing.

Uploaded by

Tom Jones
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING: ULTRASONIC TESTING -

INTRODUCTION & OVERVIEW

 Prior to World War II, sonar, inspired early ultrasound


testing to be apply for medical diagnosis.
 In 1929 and 1935, Sokolov studied the use of ultrasonic
waves in detecting metal objects.
 In 1931, Mulhauser obtained a
patent for using ultrasonic
waves which uses two probes
for detection of discontinuity to
in solids.
 Firestone (1940) and Simons
(1945) developed pulsed
ultrasonic testing using a
pulse-echo technique.
Version 06082005 Slide 1
NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING: ULTRASONIC
TESTING - INTRODUCTION & OVERVIEW

 Ultrasonic use transmission of high-frequency


sound waves into a material to detect imperfections or
to locate changes in material properties.
 The most commonly used
ultrasonic testing
technique is Pulse Echo,
PE, wherein sound is
introduced into a test
object and reflections
(echoes/ pulses) are
returned to a receiver from
internal imperfections or
from the part's geometrical
surfaces.
Version 06082005 Slide 2
NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING:ULTRASONIC
TESTING - INTRODUCTION & OVERVIEW III

Ultrasonic Thickness Gauging


(UTG)/ Measurement (UTM):
- Thickness is calculated from
calibration of the time base from
reflected sound echo/ pulse.
- Straight beam probe (Thick
material)/ Transmit & Receive
Probe (Thin material).
- Flank/ leading edge of the pulse is
measured (more option with usage of
flaw detector).
- Prior and post calibration is required
especially for measuring at high
temperature, > 90 Degree Celsius
(High temperature errors).
Version 06082005 Slide 3
NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING:ULTRASONIC
TESTING - INTRODUCTION & OVERVIEW IV

Weld Testing:
- Volumetric testing and detection of
LOF at HAZ.
- Straight beam probe (Lamination
at base metal) is used in conjunction
with angle beam probes (Shear &
Compression, commonly: 45, 60 &
70 degree).
- Reference echo amplitude using a
calibration reflector (drilled hole, a
machined slot or the end face of a
specimen) to adjust the amplification
of the ultrasonic equipment in order
to operate the test under a defined
test sensitivity and used for
acceptance/ reject level.
Version 06082005 Slide 4
NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING:
ULTRASONIC TESTING – GUIDELINES FOR SITE
WITNESSING & INTERPRETATION

 Apply Visual Inspection Requirements


 Surface Condition
- Weld cap and root is flushed.

 Functionality of Equipment(s)
- Equipment working Fine. Calibration certificate.

 Qualification
- Prior & post inspection calibration required. Representative
Calibration block used, probe angle used, qualification test/
trail run for automatic system.
- Representative relevant Reference blocks used. Dimension
sketch with mapped sound patch, Scanning Technique and
Pattern

Version 06082005 Slide 5


NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING:
ULTRASONIC TESTING – GUIDELINES FOR SITE
WITNESSING & INTERPRETATION

 Types of Probe being used.


- Angle Beam probes (which angle is used), Is it effective for
the flaw reported (Is flaw in line or perpendicular to pulse
orientation?)
- Straight Bean/ Dual crystal probes for UTG. Thin or Thick
Material?
- Probe Frequency

Version 06082005 Slide 6


NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING:
ULTRASONIC TESTING – GUIDELINES FOR SITE
WITNESSING & INTERPRETATION

 Equipment Setup
- Material Acoustic Velocity
- Reference gain setting of
calibration reflectors
- Correct setting up of
Distance Amplitude
Correction, DAC/ Time
Corrected Gain, TCG with
same/ similar couplant
during inspection.

Version 06082005 Slide 7


NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING:
ULTRASONIC TESTING – GUIDELINES FOR SITE
WITNESSING & INTERPRETATION IV

 Tracking of/ Marking for scan areas


- Full coverage is to be ensured
- Use of mechanical encoder for reproducible inspection
- Setup of grid system during inspection, raster scan.

 Non-relevant Indications
- Is discontinuity (Insignificant) or Defect
- Suggest other/ additional NDT methods to increase
confidence level to enable interpretation.

Version 06082005 Slide 8


Version 06082005 Slide 9

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