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    Bone Introduction and Forelimb Bonessdcs

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    ﻣﻠﻚ عيسى
    This document discusses the skeleton system and classification of bones. It covers: 1. Bones are classified based on location (axial or appendicular), shape (long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid), and ossification process (intramembranous or endochondral). 2. The appendicular skeleton includes bones of the thoracic girdle (clavicle, scapula), pelvic girdle, and attached limbs. Key bones of the forelimb discussed are the scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. 3. Anatomy of long bones is described, including diaph

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    Bone Introduction and Forelimb Bonessdcs

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    ﻣﻠﻚ عيسى
    19 views42 pages
    This document discusses the skeleton system and classification of bones. It covers: 1. Bones are classified based on location (axial or appendicular), shape (long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid), and ossification process (intramembranous or endochondral). 2. The appendicular skeleton includes bones of the thoracic girdle (clavicle, scapula), pelvic girdle, and attached limbs. Key bones of the forelimb discussed are the scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. 3. Anatomy of long bones is described, including diaph

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    This document discusses the skeleton system and classification of bones. It covers: 1. Bones are classified based on location (axial or appendicular), shape (long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid), and ossification process (intramembranous or endochondral). 2. The appendicular skeleton includes bones of the thoracic girdle (clavicle, scapula), pelvic girdle, and attached limbs. Key bones of the forelimb discussed are the scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. 3. Anatomy of long bones is described, including diaph

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    19 views42 pages

    Bone Introduction and Forelimb Bonessdcs

    Uploaded by

    ﻣﻠﻚ عيسى
    This document discusses the skeleton system and classification of bones. It covers: 1. Bones are classified based on location (axial or appendicular), shape (long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid), and ossification process (intramembranous or endochondral). 2. The appendicular skeleton includes bones of the thoracic girdle (clavicle, scapula), pelvic girdle, and attached limbs. Key bones of the forelimb discussed are the scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. 3. Anatomy of long bones is described, including diaph

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 42

    Skeleton System

    Introduction
    Bones of the forelimb.
    BONE
    • FUNCTIONS:
    – Protection:
    • Brain, spinal cord, and internal organs
    • Sites of attachment for muscles and
    tendons
    • Houses hemopoietic tissue
    • Storehouse of calcium and
    phosphorus
    Classification of bone
     Based on Location
     Axial and Appendicular
     Based on Shape
     Long, short, flat, Sesamoid, irregular
     Based on Ossification
     Endochondral and Intramembranous
    Based on location

     Axial
     Formed from ~80 named
    bones
     Consists of skull,
    vertebral column, and
    bony thorax
     Appendicular
    Remaining ~126
    bones of
     Thoracic girdle
     Pelvic girdle
     Attached limbs
    5 classes based on shape
    A. Long

    B. Short

    C. Flat bones-

    D. Irregular bone

    E- Sesamoids bone
    Classification of Bones
     1. Long bones –
     longer than wide – a shaft
    plus two ends – primarily
    compact bone

     2. Short bones –
     roughly cube-shaped – mostly
    spongy bone
     Sesamoid bones – special
    type of short bone embedded
    within a tendon (patella)
    Classification of Bones
     3. Flat bones
    •thin and flattened, usually
    curved
    •contain two roughly parallel
    compact bone surfaces
    with a layer of spongy bone
    between
    • 4. Irregular bones
    • various shapes, do not fit
    into other categories –
    complicated shapes
    • consist mainly of spongy
    bone enclosed by thin
    layers of compact bone
    Sesamoid bone -usually small, round, flat, associated
    with tendons (patella, proximal/distal sesamoid bones)
    Anatomy of a long bone-
    1. diaphysis (dy-AF-I-sis)-

    2. epiphysis (e-PIF-I-sis)-

    3. Epiphyseal cartilage (physis,


    growth plate)-
    plate of cartilage between diaphysis
    and epiphysis of
    immature long bones, where
    lengthening of long bones occurs

    4. metaphysis (me-TAF-I-sis)-
    The joining point of the diaphysis
    and epiphysis in growing bone;
    the part of the epiphyseal
    cartilage being replace by bone.
    5. nutrient foramen-

    6. periosteum- connective tissue


    surrounding the bone that is not covered by
    articular cartilage; necessary for bone
    growth, repair, and attachment of
    ligaments/tendons.

    7. articular surface- smooth layer of hyaline


    cartilage covering the epiphysis, involved in
    joint formation.
    8. medullary cavity-
    9. endosteum-

    10. compact bone- gross term for the part of


    the bone that looks solid

    11. spongy bone - gross term for the part of


    the bone with visible spaces
    Based on Ossification-

    Two types of Ossification:


    1. Intramembranous Ossification- cartilage
    I.B.1.

    model

    2. Endochondral Ossification-
    perichondral
    membrane
    1. intramembranous ossification of
    perichondral membrane I.B.2.
    I.B.3

    2.endochondral (primary) ossification


    of diaphysis.
    a. cells in central patch of cartilage
    hypertrophy, die I.B.3
    (cont.)
    b. connective/vascular tissue invasion
    of central dead patch
    c. invading tissue includes cells that
    engulf/remove calcified matrix, and
    cells that lay down bone cells
    I.B.3.b
    Axial vs. Appendicular

     Skull
     Vertebral column
     Thoracic cage

    Remaining bones of
     Thoracic girdle

     Pelvic girdle

     Attached limbs
    Appendicular skeleton

     Consists of:
     Thoracic girdles
     Clavicle

     Scapula

     Attached limbs
     Pelvic girdles
     Pelvicbones
     Attached limbs
    Scapula
     Is a flat triangular-
    shaped bone
     Have
     3 borders
     Cranial, caudal,
    Dorsal
     3 angles
     Cranial, caudal,
    Ventral
     3 fossae
     Supraspinous,
    infraspinous,
    subscapular
    The humerus
     Long bone
     It is consist of
     Proximal end (head)
     Neck

     Shaft

     Distal end
    The ulna and Radius
     The two bones of the forearm
     The proximal Ext. of ulna is medial to the radius
     The distal Ext. of ulna is lateral to the radius
     Ulna
     Proximal end, shaft, distal end (head)
     Proximal end
     Olecranon process
     Trochlear notch
    The Carpal bones (bones of the
    wrist)
     The carpal bones (are
    Seven in number).

     Proximal row
     Ulnar, accessory,
    Intermedioradial Carpal

     Distal row
     1th , 2nd , 3rd , 4th Carpal
    The metacarpal
     Five in the number
    The Phalanges
     There are 14 phalanges

     Each finger have 3 fingers


     Thumb (have two)
    The Phalanges-Ruminant

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