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Introduction To Electric Circuits

This document provides an overview of direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) circuits. It discusses key concepts such as voltage, current, resistance, capacitance, inductance and power. It also covers circuit elements including sources, resistors and measurement devices. Circuit analysis techniques like Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's laws, and mesh/node analysis are introduced. Examples are provided to illustrate voltage, current and power calculations in simple DC circuits. The document is intended as an introductory course on basic electrical circuit concepts and components.

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362 views36 pages

Introduction To Electric Circuits

This document provides an overview of direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) circuits. It discusses key concepts such as voltage, current, resistance, capacitance, inductance and power. It also covers circuit elements including sources, resistors and measurement devices. Circuit analysis techniques like Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's laws, and mesh/node analysis are introduced. Examples are provided to illustrate voltage, current and power calculations in simple DC circuits. The document is intended as an introductory course on basic electrical circuit concepts and components.

Uploaded by

מוחמד טאהא
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Course Overview

DC (Direct current) AC (Alternating current)


Circuits
Constant voltage Voltage Voltage

Constant current Current Current

Time
Phasor
Rules: Techniques: Frequency Concept
Ohm’s law Mesh Analysis
Kirchoff’s law Node Analysis
Superposition Transient Response
Thevenin/ Norton

INC 112 PT & BP


Why do we need to know circuits?
• Electronic devices: Computer, MP3 player,
PDA,
• Transportation: electric trains
• Robots

INC 112 PT & BP


SI Base Units
Name Symbol Quantity

meter m length

kilogram kg mass

second s time

ampere A electric current

kelvin K thermodynamic temperature

mole mol amount of substance

candela cd luminous intensity

INC 112 PT & BP


Questions
• What is the fundamental unit of work or
energy?
1 joule (J) = 1 kg m2 s-2

• What about the unit of power?


Watt (W) = 1 J/s

INC 112 PT & BP


SI Prefixes

INC 112 PT & BP


Charge (Q or q)
• The fundamental unit of charge is coulomb
(C).
• A single electron has a charge of
-1.602x10-19 C (plus sign for proton).
• Q represents time-invariant quantities.
• q represents time-varying quantities.

INC 112 PT & BP


Current (I or i)
• Total charges passing thru a cross section
in a second or “charge in motion”.
• Unit of current is ampere (A) = C/sec.
• Numerical value and direction.

INC 112 PT & BP


Representation for the exact same current

Net positive charge of 3 C/s moving to the left; or net


negative charge of -3 C/s moving to the right

INC 112 PT & BP


Types of current
• Direct current (dc)
• Sinusoidal current (ac)
• Exponential current
• Damped sinusoidal
current

INC 112 PT & BP


Voltage (V or v)
• Measure of the work required to move
charge thru the element.
• Unit of voltage is volt (V) = J/C
• Unlike current, voltage can exist between
a pair of terminals whether a current is
flowing or not, i.e., battery

INC 112 PT & BP


Representation for the exact same voltage

(a, b) Terminal B is 5 V positive with


respect to terminal A; (c,d) terminal A is
5 V positive with respect to terminal B.

INC 112 PT & BP


Summary for direction and negative sign

+ -

2 volts Same as -2 volts

- +

1A -1 A

Same as

INC 112 PT & BP


Ground: Reference Point

Ground has 0 voltage!!!

INC 112 PT & BP


Power (P or p)
• Rate at which energy is expended
• Proportional to number of coulombs
transferred per second and energy need to
transfer one coulomb thru the element.

p = vi

• Unit of power is joules per second, or


watts
INC 112 PT & BP
Absorbed and supplied power
Power is being absorbed by an element;
power is being delivered to the element.

INC 112 PT & BP


Absorbed and supplied power (cont.)
I
+

V Absorbed power
(plus sign)
-

I
-
Supplied power
V
(minus sign)
+

INC 112 PT & BP


Examples

(A) (B) (C)

3A -5 A

2V -2 V
4V

-3 A

INC 112 PT & BP


Components
• Electric sources
– Independent Sources – voltage, current
– Dependent Sources – voltage, current
• Resistors, inductors, capacitors
• Measurement devices
– Ammeters
– Voltmeters
• Electric wire
INC 112 PT & BP
Independence voltage sources
Independent of the current thru the sources

Symbol for: (a) DC voltage source; (b)


battery; (c) ac voltage source.

INC 112 PT & BP


Independence current sources
Independent of the voltage thru the sources

Symbol for an independent current


source.

INC 112 PT & BP


Dependent sources
depends on either voltage or current thru
the sources
The four different types
of dependent sources:
(a) current-controlled
current source;
(b) voltage-controlled
current source;
(c) voltage-controlled
voltage source;
(d) current-controlled
voltage source.

INC 112 PT & BP


Facts you need to know!!!
• Different points on the same wire have
the same voltage.
• Voltage/current sources always have
the same voltage/current across the
two ends as the amount they generate.
• Ground has zero voltage.

INC 112 PT & BP


Examples

In the circuit below ,if v2 is known to be 3 V, find vL .

INC 112 PT & BP


Resistance (R) vs. Conductance (G)

• Resistance (R) is the measure of friction a com


ponent presents to the flow of electrons through
it.
• Conductance (G) is an inverse of resistance.
• Electrons flow with less resistance, or greater
conductance.
• Unit of resistance is ohm, unit of conductance is
siemens (S)

INC 112 PT & BP


Resistance

INC 112 PT & BP


Direction of Voltage & Current on
Resistors

or
+ - - +

Current will pass thru a resistance from higher voltage


to the lower one.

INC 112 PT & BP


Networks vs. Circuits
• Interconnection of two or more circuit
elements forms an electrical network.
• Circuit is composed of a closed path of
network.

INC 112 PT & BP


Simple DC Circuit

Current

1V 1Ω

INC 112 PT & BP


Short circuit vs. open circuit
• Short circuit: resistance of
zero ohms, voltage across 1V 1Ω
must be zero, current can
be any value.

• Open circuit: infinite


resistance, current across
1V 1Ω
must be zero, voltage can
be anything.

INC 112 PT & BP


Ohm’s law

Question: R=???

v = i R
or
v
i =
R

INC 112 PT & BP


Electric Current

1A

1V 1Ω 1A

1A
Every point in the circuit has current = 1A

INC 112 PT & BP


Electric Voltage
x + 1 Volts

1V 1Ω

x Volts

INC 112 PT & BP


Ground
1 Volts

1V 1Ω

0 Volts

INC 112 PT & BP


Open circuit
1 Volts
0 Volts

1V 1Ω R acts like a
short circuit
(no current)

0 Volts

INC 112 PT & BP


Open circuit (cont.)
1 Volts
1 Volts

R acts like a
1V 1Ω
short circuit
(no current)

0 Volts
1 Volts

INC 112 PT & BP


Example
2.5mA

10V 4KΩ

DC source generates power = 10V * -2.5mA = - 25mW

Resistor absorbs power = 10V * 2.5mA = 25mW

Note: Resistors always absorb power but DC source can


either generate or absorb power

INC 112 PT & BP

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