ANALOG AND DIGITAL

COMMUNICATION
AMEYAA BIWALKAR
MODULE II:ANGLE MODULATION & DEMODULATION
 Amplitude Modulation & Demodulation :
 Comparison with Amplitude Modulation
 Frequency Modulation, Wave form representation, Definitions in
Frequency Modulation, Frequency Spectrum and Bandwidth of FM
 Types of FM, Aliasing/Foldover Error
 Phase Modulation, Pre-Emphasis and De-emphasis
 FM receivers, FM Modulators, FM transmitter and Receiver
ANGLE MODULATION = FREQUENCY + PHASE MODULATION
FREQUENCY MODULATION
 It is the process of modulation in which the frequency of the
carrier is varied directly proportional to the instantaneous
amplitude of the modulating signal while phase changes indirectly
 A. M is linear modulation whereas F.M is non linear
 The amount by which the carrier frequency deviates from its
unmodulated value is called as deviation.
 The rate at which the frequency variation takes place in the F.M
wave is equal to the modulating frequency (fm)
 For F.M the modulating signal is :
X(t) = Vm cos ( 2 * П * fm * t )
FREQUENCY MODULATION

Important points:
 Frequency of F.M at any instant of time t depends upon
frequency of the carrier fc
 Variation in frequency above or below depends on the
instantaneous amplitude of modulating signal--------
(Deviation δ )
 Derivation of FM Signal
 FM modulated wave:

 V= Vc * Sin[ωc*t+ mf. Sinωm*t ]

CARSON’S RULE
 It is a rule to estimate the Bandwidth of all angle
modulated system regardless of modulation index.
 It approximates the BW as twice the sum of maximum
deviation and highest modulating frequency (fm).
 Mathematically BW= 2(δ +fm)
 In AM, the maximum value of the modulation index was 1
 In FM, this value can be greater than 1
 mf is unitless
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF F.M
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF FM
V= Vc * Sin[ωc*t+ mf. Sinωm*t ]
since, Sine of Sine is complex function ,to solve it we have to use
Bessel function (J) so the equation is expanded as:

V =Vc * {J0(mf)Sinωct
+ J1(mf)[Sin(ωc + ωm)t - Sin(ωc- ωm)t ]
+ J2(mf)[Sin(ωc +2ωm)t - Sin(ωc- 2ωm)t ]
+ J3(mf)[Sin(ωc +3ωm)t - Sin(ωc-3ωm)t ]
+ J4(mf)[Sin(ωc +4ωm)t - Sin(ωc- 4ωm)t ]…}
BESSEL FUNCTIONS FOR SIDE BANDS
Amplitude of Carrier & USB-LSB
TYPES OF FM
1.Narrow Band FM (NBFM):
The FM with small B.W is known as NBFM i.e mf<1
Spectrum consist of carrier, USB & LSB
Mathematically NBFM is expressed as
V = Vc * {J0(mf)Sinωct + J1(mf)[Sin(ωc + ωm)t - Sin(ωc- ωm)t ]
2. Wide Band FM (WBFM):
 For large value of mf, the FM wave contains carrier & infinite number of
sidebands .
 Such FM have infinite B.W & hence it is WBFM.
 Used in Broadcasting application such as FM-radio,TV…etc
 TYPES OF FM
NARROW BAND FM WIDE BAND FM
Modulation index is slightly greater than 0 Modulation index normally exceeds unity

δ max =5kHz δ max =75kHz

Range of modulating freq is upto 3kHz Range of modulating freq is upto 30Hz to
15 KHz

Suppression of noise is less Suppression of noise is more

BW is less BW is 15 times that of NBFM
Used for FM , mobile communication Used for entertainment broadcasting
Only two side bands Number of sidebands are more
DEFINITIONS IN F.M
 Deviation sensitivity for F.M:
 Percent Modulation for Angle Modulation:
 Deviation ratio (D.R):
 AM VS FM
AM FM
Def Def
Only two sidebands with equal amplitude Infinite no. of sidebands with decreasing
amplitude
equation equation
m=Vm/Vc m=δ/fm
Signal to noise ratio is less Signal to noise ratio is more
B.W=2fm B.W= 2(δ+fm) Carson’s rule
Less complex More complex
Waveforms Waveforms
The carrier power remains constant with In FM, power is taken from the carrier with
modulation and SB power adds to it modulation and redistributed in sidebands

Due to space wave propagation area covered is Due to line of sight transmission area covered is
more less
PHASE MODULATION

 In phase modulation the phase of the carrier is directly

varied according to the instantaneous amplitude of the
modulating signal.
 The combination of F.M and P.M is known as Angle
modulation
 Here frequency is varied indirectly.
PHASE MODULATION
V= Vc * Sin[ωc*t+ mp. Sinωm*t ]
 Deviation Sensitivity for P.M:
FM VS PM

FM PM

Def Def

Equation Equation

Frequency is varied directly and phase Phase is varied directly and frequency
indirectly indirectly

m=δ/fm mp=KVm

Least affected by noise as compared to AM Better immunity to noise as compared to AM,

and PM but less as compared to FM

Waveforms waveforms
CARRIER SIGNAL

AMPLITUDE MODULATED
SIGNAL

PHASE MODULATED SIGNAL

FREQUENCY MODULATED SIGNAL

PROBLEMS ON FM
 In an FM system, when the audio frequency (AF) is 500
Hz and the AF voltage is 2.4 V, the deviation is 4.8 KHz.
If the AF voltage is now increased to 7.2 V, what is the
new deviation? If the AF voltage is raised to 10V while
the AF is dropped to 200Hz, what is the deviation? Find
the modulation index in each case.
PROBLEMS:

v) Calculate the power of the waveform with a load of 300 ohms

METHODS OF GENERATING FM

 If either capacitance or inductance of an LC oscillator tank is varied, frequency

modulation of some form will result.

 If this variation is made directly proportional to the voltage supplied by the

modulation circuits , true FM will be obtained.

 Methods of generating frequency modulated signals are:

 DIRECT METHOD

 INDIRECT METHOD
PROCESS: DIRECT FM

Oscillator
Modulating signal Reactance frequency(carrier
voltage
frequency)
DIRECT FM

 In direct FM generation, the frequency of the carrier is changed

directly in proportion with the modulating signal amplitude.

Types of Direct FM
 Varactor diode modulator

 Basic Reactance modulator

VARACTOR DIODE
VARACTOR DIODE

 It is a two terminal PN junction diode with small doping

 P and N regions behave as the plates of the capacitor with the
depletion region as the dielectric
 The thickness of the depletion region is varied with respect to
the applied voltage(reverse bias)
 An increase in reverse voltage will increase in width of
depletion region, which in turn will reduce the capacitance
Varactor Modulator
 FM Transmitter

Audio
amplifier & Varactor LC Frequency power
Audio input
pre- modulator oscillator multiplier amplifier
emphasis
 FM Transmitter with AFC
AMPLITUDE LIMITER

DC VOLTAGE
AT THE
OUTPUT
PHASE
DISCRIMINATOR
 Isolated by a buffer
 Amplitude limiters for noise elimination
 Amplified by Class C power amplifiers
 Fraction of output from the limiter is fed to a mixer
 Difference signal from the mixer is amplified and fed to Phase
Discriminator
 Discriminator produces a DC voltage corresponding to its
input signal frequency – Dc correcting voltage
 Output of discriminator is connected to the reactance modulator
so that it corrects any drift in the average frequency of the
master oscillator.
 ARMSTRONG METHOD FOR FM TRANSMISSION
 Key point: If AF is integrated to phase modulate a carrier, result is FM i.e FM via
PM
ALIASING AND FOLDOVER ERROR

CASE 1: fs=2fm (Nyquist rate or discrete sampling)

CASE 2: fs<2fm (Under sampling)
CASE 3: fs>2fm (Over sampling)
ALIASING AND FOLDOVER ERROR
NYQUIST RATE

UNDER SAMPLING
PRE-EMPHASIS AND DE-EMPHASIS
 If higher audio frequencies (HAF) are used to frequency
modulate a carrier, the effect of noise increases i.e.
S/N ratio decreases
 To overcome this problem, the amplitude of high audio
frequencies is increased(emphasized) at the
transmitter
 After reception, these frequencies are attenuated (de-
emphasized)
 Amplifying HAF at transmitter is known as pre-
emphasis, and attenuating them at the receiver is
known as de-emphasis
PRE-EMPHASIS AND DE-EMPHASIS

Pre emphasis and De emphasis is used to increase the signal to noise ratio
F.M RECEIVERS/DETECTORS
 It is a system / circuit which receives the frequency modulated circuit as an
input and produces modulating signal/original information signal at the
output.
 EXAMPLE : FOSTER SEELY
FM DETECTOR BLOCK DIAGRAM