Chapter 1 Introduction to

Computers, Programs, and Java

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 Objectives
• To understand computer basics, programs, and operating systems (§§1.2–
1.4).
• To describe the relationship between Java and the World Wide Web (§1.5).
• To understand the meaning of Java language specification, API, JDK, and IDE
(§1.6).
• To write a simple Java program (§1.7).
• To display output on the console (§1.7).
• To explain the basic syntax of a Java program (§1.7).
• To create, compile, and run Java programs (§1.8).
• To use sound Java programming style and document programs properly
(§1.9).
• To explain the differences between syntax errors, runtime errors, and logic
errors (§1.10).
• To develop Java programs using NetBeans (§1.11).
• To develop Java programs using Eclipse (§1.12).
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 How Data is Stored?
• Data is encoded as a series of bits
(zeros and ones).
Memory address Memory content
• Performed automatically by the
system based on the encoding . .
. .
scheme. . .
• Single byte. 2000 01001010 Encoding for character ‘J’
2001 01100001 Encoding for character ‘a’
• Adjacent bytes. 2002 01110110 Encoding for character ‘v’

• No two data can share or split a 2003

2004
01100001
00000011
Encoding for character ‘a’
Encoding for number 3
same byte.
• A byte is the minimum storage
unit.

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 Programs
• Computer programs, known as software, are instructions
to the computer.

• You tell a computer what to do through programs.

Without programs, a computer is an empty machine.
Computers do not understand human languages, so you
need to use computer languages to communicate with
them.

• Programs are written using programming languages.

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 Programming Languages
Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language

• Machine language: is a set of primitive

instructions built into every computer.
• The instructions are in the form of binary code
• Example: To add two number:
1101101010011010

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 Programming Languages
Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language

• Assembly languages were developed to make

programming easy.
• A program called assembler is used to convert assembly
language programs into machine code.
• Example, to add two numbers:
ADDF3 R1, R2, R3

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 Programming Languages
Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language

• High-level languages are English-like and easy to learn

and program.
• Example: To compute the area of a circle with radius 5:
area = 5 * 5 * 3.1415;

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 Popular High-Level Languages
Language Description

Ada Named for Ada Lovelace, who worked on mechanical general-purpose computers. The Ada
language was developed for the Department of Defense and is used mainly in defense projects.
BASIC Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. It was designed to be learned and used easily
by beginners.
C Developed at Bell Laboratories. C combines the power of an assembly language with the ease of
use and portability of a high-level language.
C++ C++ is an object-oriented language, based on C.
C# Pronounced “C Sharp.” It is a hybrid of Java and C++ and was developed by Microsoft.
COBOL COmmon Business Oriented Language. Used for business applications.
FORTRAN FORmula TRANslation. Popular for scientific and mathematical applications.
Java Developed by Sun Microsystems, now part of Oracle. It is widely used for developing platform-
independent Internet applications.
Pascal Named for Blaise Pascal, who pioneered calculating machines in the seventeenth century. It is a
simple, structured, general-purpose language primarily for teaching programming.
Python A simple general-purpose scripting language good for writing short programs.
Visual Visual Basic was developed by Microsoft and it enables the programmers to rapidly develop
Basic graphical user interfaces.

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 Interpreting/Compiling Source Code

• A program written in a high-level language is

called a source program or source code.
• A source program must be translated into
machine code for execution. The translation can
be done using another programming tool called
an interpreter or a compiler.

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 Interpreting Source Code
• An interpreter reads one statement from the
source code, translates it to the machine code or
virtual machine code, and then executes it.
• One statement from the source code may be
translated into several machine instructions.

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 Compiling Source Code
• A compiler translates the entire source code into a
machine-code file, and the machine-code file is
then executed.

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 Why Java?

• Java is a general purpose programming

language.
• Java is the Internet programming language.

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 Java, Web, and Beyond

• Java can be used to develop:

– Standalone applications.
– Applications running from a browser.
– Applications for hand-held devices.
– Applications for web servers.

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 Java’s History
• James Gosling and Sun Microsystems
• Oak
• Java, May 20, 1995, Sun World
• HotJava
– The first Java-enabled Web browser
• Early History Website:

http://www.java.com/en/javahistory/index.jsp

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Companion
Website Characteristics of Java
1. Java Is Simple Kholod
2. Java Is Object-Oriented Sara
3. Java Is Distributed Zekra
4. Java Is Interpreted Aram
5. Java Is Robust
6. Java Is Secure Saeedah
7. Java Is Architecture-Neutral Ahalm
8. Java Is Portable
9. Java's Performance
10. Java Is Multithreaded Arwa
11. Java Is Dynamic Amjad
www.cs.armstrong.edu/liang/JavaCharacteristics.pdf
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 JDK Editions
• Java Standard Edition (J2SE)
– J2SE can be used to develop client-side standalone
applications or applets.
• Java Enterprise Edition (J2EE)
– J2EE can be used to develop server-side applications
such as Java servlets, Java ServerPages, and Java
ServerFaces.
• Java Micro Edition (J2ME).
– J2ME can be used to develop applications for mobile
devices such as cell phones.
We are using J2SE to introduce Java
programming.
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 Popular Java IDEs
• NetBeans
• Eclipse

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 A Simple Java Program
Listing 1.1
// This program prints Welcome to Java!
public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
} Animation

IMPORTANT NOTE: If you cannot run the buttons, see

Welcome www.cs.armstrong.edu/liang/javaslidenote.doc.

Run

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Creating, Compiling, and Running Programs

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 Compiling Java Source Code
• Java was designed to run object programs on any platform by
compiling the source program into a special type of object
code, known as bytecode.
• The bytecode can run on any computer with a Java Virtual
Machine (JVM).
• JVM is a software that interprets Java bytecode.

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animation

Trace a Program Execution

Enter main method

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

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animation

Trace a Program Execution

Execute statement

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

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animation

Trace a Program Execution

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

print a message to the

console

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Two More Simple Examples

Animation
WelcomeWithThreeMessages Run

Animation
ComputeExpression Run

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 Compiling and Running Java
from the Command Window
• Set path to JDK bin directory
– set path=c:\Program Files\java\jdk1.8.0\bin
• Set classpath to include the current directory
– set classpath=.
• Compile
– javac Welcome.java
• Run
– java Welcome
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 Anatomy of a Java Program
• Class name
• Main method
• Statements
• Statement terminator
• Reserved words
• Comments
• Blocks

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 Class Name
Every Java program must have at least one class.
Each class has a name. By convention, class names
start with an uppercase letter. In this example, the
class name is Welcome.

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

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 Main Method
Line 2 defines the main method. In order to run a
class, the class must contain a method named main.
The program is executed from the main method.

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

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 Statement
A statement represents an action or a sequence of actions.
The statement System.out.println("Welcome to Java!") in
the program in Listing 1.1 is a statement to display the
greeting "Welcome to Java!“.

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

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 Statement Terminator
Every statement in Java ends with a semicolon (;).

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

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 Reserved words
Reserved words or keywords are words that have a
specific meaning to the compiler and cannot be used for
other purposes in the program. For example, when the
compiler sees the word class, it understands that the word
after class is the name for the class. (See Appendix A)

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

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 Blocks
A pair of braces in a program forms a block that groups
components of a program.

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) { Class block
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); Method block
}
}

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 Special Symbols

Character Name Description

{} Opening and closing Denotes a block to enclose statements.

braces
() Opening and closing Used with methods.
parentheses
[] Opening and closing Denotes an array.
brackets
// Double slashes Precedes a comment line.

" " Opening and closing Enclosing a string (i.e., sequence of characters).
quotation marks
; Semicolon Marks the end of a statement.

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 { …}

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
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 ( … )

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
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 ;

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
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 // …

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
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 "…"

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
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 Programming Style and
Documentation
• Appropriate Comments
• Naming Conventions
• Proper Indentation and Spacing Lines
• Block Styles

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 Appropriate Comments
• Include a summary at the beginning of the
program to explain what the program does, its
key features, its supporting data structures, and
any unique techniques it uses.

• Include your name, class section, instructor,

date, and a brief description at the beginning of
the program.

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 Naming Conventions
• Choose meaningful and descriptive names.
• Class names:
– Capitalize the first letter of each word in the
name. For example, the class name
ComputeExpression.

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 Proper Indentation and Spacing
• Indentation
– Indent two spaces.

• Spacing
– Use blank line to separate segments of the code.

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 Block Styles
Use end-of-line style for braces.

Next-line public class Test

style {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Block Styles");
}
}

End-of-line
style
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Block Styles");
}
}

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 Programming Errors
• Syntax Errors
– Detected by the compiler
• Runtime Errors
– Causes the program to abort
• Logic Errors
– Produces incorrect result

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 Syntax Errors
public class ShowSyntaxErrors {
public static main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java);
}
}

ShowSyntaxErrors Run

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 Runtime Errors
public class ShowRuntimeErrors {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(1 / 0);
}
}

ShowRuntimeErrors Run

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 Logic Errors
public class ShowLogicErrors {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Celsius 35 is Fahrenheit degree ");
System.out.println((9 / 5) * 35 + 32);
}
}

ShowLogicErrors Run

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 Compiling and Running Java
from NetBeans
• Get Java SE latest version.
• Install and configure JDK along with
NetBeans IDE.

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