Lecture 19 GIS

Project Design
and
Management
+
Case Studies
 Management Responsibilities
• Planning
– Design
– Strategy
– Staffing
• Standardize
– Interoperability
– Reuse
• Document
– Assume personnel loss and turnover
– Write formal documents
 Ten step GIS Planning Methodology
Tomlinson, Thinking About GIS
• Consider the strategic purpose
• Plan for the planning Needs Assessment
• Conduct a technology seminar
• Describe the information products
Concept. Design
• Define the system scope
• Create a data design
• Choose a logical model Physical Design
• Determine system requirements
• Benefit-cost, migration and risk analysis
• Make an implementation plan Implementation
Analysis of Specification of Evaluation of Implementation
Requirements Requirements Alternatives of System
1.Definition of 11.
6. 8.
Objectives Implementation
Final Design Shortlisting
Plan

2. User 7. Request for 9. Benchmark 12.

Requirements Proposal (RFP) Testing Contract

3. Preliminary 10. Cost-

13. Acceptance
Design Effectiveness
Testing
Evaluation

4. Cost-Benefit 14.
Analysis
A Fourteen Step
Implementation
Implementation Process!
(assumes external acquisition)
5.
Pilot Study Source: Longley, et. al. p. 391
 Project Management Tools
• WBS (Work Breakdown Structure) chart
• GANNT Charts
• PERT (Program Evaluation and Review
Technique)
• SWOT analysis
• RISK Management Plan
WBS Chart
GANNT Chart
 PERT Chart

Program Evaluation and Review Technique

SWOT Analysis
 Risk Management Plan
• Identify the risks
• Rate the risks
• Establish triggers for problems
• Identify mitigating actions
• Identify the owner of the risk
 Which level of GIS?
• Project
• Single department application (Departmental
GIS)
• Multi departmental application
• Enterprise system (Enterprise GIS)
• Multi Organizational endeavor (Community GIS)
 Level I: Project
• Organizational Environment
– Expected result is a product, e.g a map or
report
– Project has an end date and finite project
– No long-term support expected & no
commitment to ongoing GIS
– Little organizational impact
• GIS Implementation Approach
– One-time effort
– Need best tool for the job
– Consultant or contractor may do entire thing
 Level II: Single Department
• Organizational Environment
– Small Organization or Single Department
– Well-defined, existing business function to be supported
– Ongoing support is required but no commitment to GIS
– Little or no reorganization e.g. manual drafters shift to GIS
workstation
– Managed by departmental responsible for business activity
• GIS Implementation Approach
– PC or standalone workstation
– maybe CAD focused
– Little or no integration with attribute databases
– Little sharing of information within or beyond department
 Level III: Multi-Department
• Organizational Environment
– Mid-size to large organization, more than one department
– More significant commitment of staff and budget to GIS
– Ongoing support and update strategies
– Some organizational implications (“Champion”)
– Managed by cooperating departments
• GIS Implementation
– Multiple, networked PCs/workstations
– Topological GIS
– Object/Relational database
– Some information sharing between departments
 Level IV: Enterprise System
• Organizational Environment
– Usually medium to large organization, multiple
departments
– High level long-term commitment to GIS
– Organization-level strategic planning, distributed
implementation and maintenance
– Incorporation of GIS as part of organizational
infrastructure
– Corporate management support and involvement is
essential
• GIS Implementation
– Distributed client-server network(s)
– Integration of multiple GIS, database, and related
technologies
– Multi-department data sharing, standards and metadata
 Level V: Multi-Organizational
• Organizational Environment
– Public organizations or industry alliance
– Multi-participant organizational structure for planning and policy
– Distributed maintenance responsibilities across organizations
– Long-term, high level commitments among participating organizations
– Significant reorganization of functions across organizations
• GIS Implementation
– Distributed maintenance of shared elements
– Data exchange facility and standards and metadata, Internet or other
WAN
– Data integration from multiple technologies
 GIS Development Cycle
First decides what the GIS should do, second decide how
Needs the GIS will accomplish each task.
Assessment

Conceptual
Design
Database Database
Planning Construction
Available and Design
Data Survey GIS GIS Use and
Application
System Database
Development
Integration
Maintenance
Pilot / Acquisition of
Benchmark GIS HW and
SW
HW and
SW Survey
 1. Needs Assessment
• Interviews, focus groups can capture the
needs of a dept (managers, users,
customers)
• Compiling the results of the needs
assessment
– Master data list
– Master function list
– Budget constraints
• Assess available systems
• Select the system
 2. Design and Choose a Data
Model
The conceptual data model is a high level
view, independent of the computer system.
– Identify the elements of the data model and
their relationship to one another (flowchart)
– Create a list of actions the system must
perform.
– Identify system inputs and outputs.
– Group actions, inputs and outputs into a
logical order,
 2. Design and Choose a Data
Model
The physical data model describes the
organization of the data in the computer.
– Choose a physical model that is closest to the
aspects of the real world which you wish to
model.
– May be straight forward – vector for road
network.
– Not so straight forward – TIN or DEM for
terrain analysis
 3. Designing the Analysis
Cartographic Modeling
– Identify the map layers or spatial data
required.
– Use natural language to explain the
processes involved.
– Draw a flow chart of step 2.
– Annotate the flow chart with commands
necessary to perform the operations within
the GIS.
Cartographic modeling
Cartographic
models
Often represented
with flowcharts;
graphically
representing the
spatial data,
operations and their
sequence
 Stages in Developing an
Application
• The waterfall approach – a linear
approach to the management ,
development and implementation of a
system.
• The prototyping approach
• Pilot project
 Waterfall Approach
• Methodology
– Feasibility study
– System investigation and system analysis
– System design
– Implementation review and maintenance
• Problems with the approach.
– Often misses the problem context for the group for whom it is
being developed.
– Limits flexibility for change in the scope and timeline of the
project.
– Does not put the user at the center of the design.
– Considered to be technocratic view of system development.
 Prototyping

Figure 12.5 The prototyping approach

 Advantages of Prototyping
• Users have more direct involvement in the
design of the system.
• It is easier to adapt the system in the face
of changing circumstances.
• It can be easily abandoned if it fails to
meet users needs.
• If time and money are available a number
of prototypes can be built.
 Problems of Prototyping
• Can be difficult to manage
– Large number of users
– Differing opinions
• Resource implications may change after
development of the prototype.
• Knowing when to stop development can
be a problem.
 Pilot Projects
• As a demonstration, to show potential users the
possible utility of GIS
• As an experiment to test a particular technical
aspect of implementation
• As a temporary operation or production
environment to assess operational feasibility or to
determine organizational impact
• As a trail run to test adequacy of project planing
and design
• As a benchmark test to compare hardware,
software, network configurations being considered
 GIS Implementation issues
• GIS Paradigm
– Use of spatial location as integrating framework for
information
– Power of spatial analysis
• Geographic Data Management Principles
– Extend data management principles to include geography
– Builds on standard IT practice
• Technology
– Select appropriate GIS-enabling technology and plan to
evolve
– Follow and exploit new technologies
• Organizational Setting
– Organizational setting a crucial ingredient to success/failure
– Level and nature of enterprise
 Implementation Problems
• Data in the wrong format for the software.
• A lack of GIS knowledge imposing
technical and conceptual constraints on
the project.
• Users frequently changing their mind
about what they want.
 4. Project Evaluation
Test and evaluate the output
– Difficult if the output is being used to make
predictions,
– Tests to see if the GIS meets its goals
• Are people using the application for which it was
designed?
• Check the output against reality.
• Evaluate the changes that had to be made through
the development stages from rich picture to
implementation.
 Case Study 1
Exploring Response Times
Which areas are within a four-
minute drive time of a fire station
in a particular city.
A Street Map with City Boundary
 Step 1
• Find areas within a four-minute drive time of a
fire station during both light and heavy traffic
conditions.
• In ArcGIS for Desktop you use the Network
Analyst service area solver to create drive-time
areas.
• You will need to have the Network Analyst
extension installed, and a street network dataset
that contains traffic information.
• First, add the Network analyst toolbar and
create a New Service Area.
• Right-click Service Area in the table of contents
and select Properties.
• On the Analysis Settings tab, set the drive time
(Default Breaks) to 4 minutes and specify the
day of week (Tuesday) and time of day (2:00
am).
• Click Solve on the Network Analyst toolbar
to calculate and display the drive-time
areas.
• To save the drive-time polygons, export
them and add them to your map when
prompted.
Area within a four-minute drive time from a fire station during light
traffic conditions (2:00 a.m. on a Tuesday morning)
 Step 2
• To find areas within four minutes of a fire
station on a typical Friday afternoon at
5:00 p.m., open the Service Area layer
properties dialog box again, and on the
Analysis Settings tab, change the Time of
Day and Day of Week settings to 5 PM on
Friday. Then click the Solve button on the
Network Analyst toolbar, and export the
resulting drive-time polygons, as before.
Area within a four-minute drive time from a fire station during heavy
traffic conditions (5:00 p.m. on a Friday afternoon)
 Step 3
• Find out how many minutes from a fire station
the farthest parts of the city are.
• To find areas within 6, 8, 10, and 12 minutes of a
fire station on a typical Friday afternoon at 5:00
p.m., open the Service Area layer properties
dialog box, and on the Analysis Settings tab,
change the Default Breaks to 6, 8, 10, and 12
minutes.
• Once again click the Solve button on the
Network Analyst toolbar, and export the resulting
drive-time polygons.
Areas within 6, 8, 10, or 12 minutes of a fire station. Most of the
populated part of the city is within 6 or 8 minutes.
 Case 2
Are there any places in the city
to build a mixed-use
development?
 Introduction
• With the success of several medium-sized mixed-use
developments that have been built in the city over the
past decade, a real estate analyst for a local
development company has been keeping an eye on the
market.
• The company wants to build several small mixed-use
developments with a restaurant or shops at street level
and three or four floors of housing or office space above.
• The analyst is particularly interested in locations of
existing gas stations as potential sites.
• With fewer people driving, especially in urban centers,
and improved fuel mileage in cars, profit margins for
station owners are getting thinner and thinner. Many are
realizing they can make more money by selling the land
to developers.
Using information on the location of light rail stops, selected businesses, and the
regional plan, theanalyst will attempt to identify areas that might be good
candidates for small mixed-use development projects.
Find areas within a quarter-mile
of a store or restaurant, light rail
stop, or planned commercial
district.
 Step 1
• Use the Buffer tool to create a quarter-mile
buffer around the light rail stops.
 Step 2
• Use Select By Attributes with businesses
to select restaurants and bars, clothing
stores, and home furnishings stores.
• These correspond to Department of Labor
SIC2 codes 56, 57, and 58.
 Step 3
• Use the Buffer tool to create a quarter-mile
buffer around the selected businesses.
 Steps 4 & 5
• Use Select By Attributes with the regional
plan layer to select neighborhood
commercial districts.
• These correspond to the CC and CN
regional plan codes.

• Use the Buffer tool to create a quarter-mile

buffer around the commercial districts.
The buffer layers for light rail stops, shops and restaurants, and
planned commercial districts are displayed together.
Potential development areas are displayed with the locations of
gas stations.
 Step 6
• Use the Union tool to combine the light rail
stop buffer layer and the shop and
restaurant buffer layer.
• Union allows you to combine several
layers at one time.
 Step 7
• Then use Dissolve to erase the residual
buffer boundaries.
 Step 8
• Display the layer of potential development
areas with locations of gas stations.
The three buffer layers have been combined using Union to create the
layer of potential development areas.
Display the layer of potential
development areas with
locations of gas stations.
 Steps 1, 2 & 3
• Use Select By Attributes with the businesses to
select gas stations. These correspond to SIC
code 5541.
• To display the gas stations and the layer of
potential development areas, create a layer
from the selected set (the gas stations).
• Change the symbol used to draw gas stations to
Gas.
 Display the layer of potential
development areas with
existing mixed-use zone areas.
 Step 1
• Use Select By Attributes with the zoning
layer to select the mixed-use zones.
• These correspond to regional zoning
codes MUC1 and MUC2.
• Create a layer from the selected features
(as with gas stations, above) and display
the mixed-use zones layer with the layer of
potential development areas.
Summarize the amount of land
currently and potentially zoned
for mixed use.
 Step 1
• For the zoning layer, calculate the area of
each zone—in square miles—by adding a
field to the attribute table.
 Step 2
• Then use the Calculate Geometry option
to calculate the area for each zone.
 Step 3
• Right-click the new field and click Statistics
to get the sum of the area currently zoned
for mixed use.
 Step 4
• Clip the potential development areas using
the city boundary to get only the
development areas inside the city.
 Step 5
• Clip creates a single output feature
representing the areas of the potential
mixed-use development.
• Calculate the area in square miles by
adding a field to the attribute table and
using the Calculate Geometry option (as
shown above for the existing mixed-use
zones).
• You can then enter the area values for the
mixed-use zoning and potential
development areas into a spreadsheet to
create the bar chart.
Potential development areas are displayed with current mixed-
use zoning.
 A chart showing the amount of land currently zoned for mixed-use
development compared to the amount of land in the development area
layer

While not all of that area can be rezoned, the map and chart show that there is
potentially much more land that could be used for mixed-use developments.