Scribd
Upload
707 views25 pages

Introductory Circuit Analysis: CRD: Robert L. Boylestad

This document provides an introduction to introductory circuit analysis. It discusses the history and development of electricity and electronics, from early physicists' experiments in the 17th-18th centuries to modern integrated circuits and computers. It also covers important concepts in circuit analysis like units of measurement, significant figures, and systems of units.

Uploaded by

katakuri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
707 views25 pages

Introductory Circuit Analysis: CRD: Robert L. Boylestad

This document provides an introduction to introductory circuit analysis. It discusses the history and development of electricity and electronics, from early physicists' experiments in the 17th-18th centuries to modern integrated circuits and computers. It also covers important concepts in circuit analysis like units of measurement, significant figures, and systems of units.

Uploaded by

katakuri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 25

Introduction

Introductory Circuit Analysis

Crd: Robert L. Boylestad


The Electrical/Electronics
Industry
 Technology and its effects on our lives
 Healthcare and the arts
 Computer simulations
 The Integrated Circuit (IC)
 First developed in the late 1950’s
 Understanding of fundamental concepts
 Once understood, will not be replaced
A Brief History – The Beginning
 Physicists, chemists, mathematicians and even
philosophers
 William Gilbert (static electricity)
 Otto von Guericke (first machine to generate large
amounts of charge)
 Stephen Gray (transmitted electrical charge over long
distances on silk thread)
A Brief History – The Beginning
 Charles DuFay (charges attract or repel)
 Pieter van Musschenbroek – 1745 (Leyden jar)
 Benjamin Franklin – 1752 (used the Leyden jar to
prove lightning is an electrical discharge)
 Charles Coulomb – 1784 (force between charges)
 Luigi Galvani – 1791 (effects of electricity on
animals)
 Alessandro Volta – 1799 (voltaic cell)
A Brief History – The Beginning
 Hans Christian Oersted – 1820 (foundation of
electromagnetism)
 Georg Ohm – 1831 (Ohm’s Law)
 Michael Faraday – 1831 (electromagnetic induction and
condenser)
 James Clerk Maxwell – 1862 (electromagnetic theory of
light)
 Heinrich Rudolph Hertz – 1888 (microwaves)
 Wilhelm Röntgen – 1895 (X ray)
A Brief History - The Age of Electronics
 Radio – the true beginning of electronics
 Thomas Edison and the Edison effect
 Guglielmo Marconi – the father of the radio
 Aleksandr Popov – first radio message
 “Heinrich Hertz”
 John Ambrose Fleming –1904 (the first diode, Fleming’s
valve)
 Lee De Forest – 1906 (first amplifier)
A Brief History - The Age of Electronics
Edwin Armstrong – 1912 (first regenerative circuit)
Radio signals being transmitted across the U.S. – 1915
Television
Paul Nipkow – 1884 (electrical telescope)
John Baird
– 1927 (transmission of TV over telephone lines)
– 1928 (transmission of TV over radio waves)
NBC – 1932 (first commercial TV antenna installed)
Color television – 1960s
A Brief History - The Age of Electronics

 Computers
 Blaise Pascal – 1642 (earliest computer system)
 Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz – 1673 (Leibniz
wheel)
 Charles Babbage – 1823 (difference engine)
 IBM was formed – 1924
 ENIAC – 1946 University of Pennsylvania
A Brief History - The Solid-State Era
 Bell Telephone Laboratories –1947
 Point-contact transistor
 First integrated circuit (IC) – 1958 - Texas
Instruments
 First commercial grade IC – 1961 - Fairchild Corp.
Units of Measurement
The numerical value substituted into an equation
must have the unit of measurement specified by the
equation
v=4000ft = 4000mi/h Should be: v= 0.7576 mi = 45.37mi/h
1 min 0.0167 h

If a unit of measurement is applicable to a result or


piece of data, then it must be applied to the
numerical value
Units of Measurement
Each quantity has the proper unit of measurement as
defined by the equation
The proper magnitude of each quantity as determined by the
defining equation is substituted
Each quantity is in the same system of units (or as defined
by the equation)
The magnitude of the results is of a reasonable nature when
compared to the level of the substituted quantities
The proper unit of measurement is applied to the result
Systems of Units

Standard set of units for all nations


Le Système International d’Unités – 1960
Adopted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers (IEEE) in 1965
Adopted by USA Standards Institute in 1967
The standards of some units are quite interesting
Meter
Kilogram
Significant Figures, Accuracy, and
Rounding Off
 When writing numbers, consider:
 format used
 number of digits being included
 unit of measurement to be applied
Two type of numbers: exact and approximate
Significant figures
Adding approximate numbers
Rounding off numbers
Powers of Ten
 Powers of 10
1=100 1/10 = 0.1 =10-1
10 =101 1/100 = 0.01 =10-2
100 =102 1/1000 = 0.001 =10-3
1000 =103 1/10,000 = 0.0001 =10-4
Powers of Ten
 Addition and Subtraction
 When adding or subtracting numbers in a powers-of-ten
format, be sure that the power of ten is the same for each
number. Then separate the multipliers, perform the
required operation, and apply the same power of ten to
the result
Powers of Ten

 Multiplication
 When multiplying numbers in the powers-of-ten
format, first find the product of the multipliers and
then determine the power of ten for the result by
adding the power-of-ten exponents
Powers of Ten

 Division
 When dividing numbers in the powers-of-ten format,
first find the result of dividing the multipliers. Then
determine the associated power for the result by
subtracting the power of ten of the denominator from
the power of ten of the numerator
Powers of Ten
 Powers
 When finding the power of a number in the powers-
of-ten format, first separate the multiplier from the
power of ten and determine each separately.
Determine the power-of-ten component by multiplying
the power of ten by the power to be determined
Powers of Ten
 Fixed-Point, Floating-Point, Scientific, and
Engineering Notation
 There are generally four ways in which numbers appear
Fixed-point
Floating-point notation
Scientific (standard) notation
Engineering notation

Powers of Ten
 Prefixes
 Specific powers of ten in engineering notation have
been assigned prefixes and symbols
Conversion Between Levels of
Powers of Ten
 Convert kilohertz (kHz) to megahertz (MHz)

 Convert milliseconds (ms) to microseconds (s)

 Convert kilometers (km) to millimeters (mm)


Conversion Within and Between
Systems of Units
Set up the conversion factor to form a numerical
value of (1) with the unit of measurement to be
removed from the original quantity in the denominator

Perform the required mathematics to obtain the


proper magnitude for the remaining unit of
measurement
Symbols
Conversion Tables
 Conversion tables are useful but frequent errors
occur because the operations are not applied properly

 Establish mentally the magnitude for a quantity in


the original set of units

 Anticipatory thinking will eliminate the possibility of


mistakes
Calculators
 Must have a thorough and correct understanding of
the process by which a calculator works
 Choose a calculator that has the ability to perform
the functions you need (such as complex numbers)
Initial settings
Format and accuracy
Order of operation

You might also like