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Topic 2 Open Channel

This document discusses open channel flow and hydraulic jumps. It defines critical depth, subcritical flow, and supercritical flow. Uniform flow and varying flow are also introduced. Manning's equation and its application to different channel shapes is presented. Specific energy and normal depth are explained. Finally, hydraulic jumps are defined as transitions from supercritical to subcritical flow, and their classification and applications are discussed.

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Nazrien Zainodin
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69 views34 pages

Topic 2 Open Channel

This document discusses open channel flow and hydraulic jumps. It defines critical depth, subcritical flow, and supercritical flow. Uniform flow and varying flow are also introduced. Manning's equation and its application to different channel shapes is presented. Specific energy and normal depth are explained. Finally, hydraulic jumps are defined as transitions from supercritical to subcritical flow, and their classification and applications are discussed.

Uploaded by

Nazrien Zainodin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DCC6213

HYDRAULICS & HYDROLOGY


Chapter 2
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
Chapter 2.1
UNIFORM FLOW AND NON-UNIFORM
FLOW
Chapter 2.2
CRITICAL DEPTH AND FROUDE NUMBER
Tranquil Critical Shooting
Subcritical Critical Supercritical
Depth D > DC D = DC D < DC
Velocity v < vC v = vC v > vC

UiTMKS/ FCE/ BCBidaun/ ECW301


Fr Fr < 1 Fr = 1 Fr > 1
Channel slope Mild Critical Steep
Control Downstream - Upstream
Disturbance Wave can Standing Waves cannot
travel waves travel
upstream upstream

13
Chapter 2.3
MANNING’S EQUATION
FLOW IN TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNEL

 Derive P = f(y) and A = f(y) for a trapezoidal


channel

1 1 y
Q  2 / 3 1/ 2
AR
h S o z
n b
FLOW IN ROUND CHANNEL

r  y
  arccos 
 r 
radians
A  r 2   sin  cos  
r
T  2r sin 

P  2 r A y
Maximum discharge
y = ______
0.938d T
Chapter 2.4
SPECIFIC ENERGY
SPECIFIC ENERGY (OPEN CHANNELS)
For open channels, the specific energy can be defined as

E = y + v2/2g,

where y is the depth of water above the channel bed,


v is the flow velocity
g is the acceleration of gravity.

v2/2g

Downstream Flow
y

22
NORMAL DEPTH

the depth for which available energy and


energy expended are in balance

Downstream Flow

Resistance

23
SPECIFIC ENERGY & ALTERNATIVE
DEPTHS OF FLOW

 Specific energy, E,
v2
E  D
2g

For a wide rectangular channel, mean velocity


is, Q Q
v  
q
A BD D

While the volume rate of flow per unit width,


Q
q
B
24
 Substituting v & q into E,
q2
E  D
2 gD 2
q2
D  ED 
3 2
0
2g

This equation has 3 roots:

 1 root is negative & unreal


 2 roots are positive & real, which give 2 alternate depths:
 Larger depth: deep slow flow (subcritical/ tranquil/ streaming flow).
 Smaller depth: shallow fast flow (supercritical/ shooting flow)

25
Chapter 2.5
CRITICAL FLOW, SUBCRITICAL FLOW AND
SUPERCRITICAL FLOW
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW REGIMES
Rio Puerco, NM
 Subcritical Flow:
 is deeper and slower than
critical flow
 this is what you usually
see in rivers.
 relatively slow moving

 Supercritical Flow:
 is shallower and faster St. Anthony Falls, Miss R,
than critical flow MN
 this is what you see in
steep channels (rapids or
flow over a dam)
 fast moving

28
Chapter 2.6
HYDRAULICS JUMP
HYDRAULIC JUMP
Hydraulic jumps occur when there is a
transition from supercritical to subcritical flow
HYDRAULIC JUMP

Flow starts subcritical, accelerates over obstacle


& suddenly becomes supercritical
WHAT CAUSES HYDRAULIC JUMPS?
The conditions for a hydraulic jump can be met where

a) the upstream flow is supercritical


b) slope suddenly or gradually decreases downstream
c) the supercritical flow enters a confined basin.
Fr < 1
Fr > 1

Fr < 1
Fr > 1

32
CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRAULIC JUMPS

Undular Jump Weak Jump Oscillating Jump


(1<Fr1<1.7) (1.7<Fr1<2.5) (2.5<Fr1<4.5)
y2/y1=2-3 y2/y1=3-6

Stable Jump Strong Jump


(4.5<Fr1<9) (Fr1>9)
y2/y1=6-12 y2/y1=12-20
Some Practical Applications
Of Hydraulic Jump

(a) to dissipate the high kinetic energy of water near the toe of
the spillway and to protect the bed and banks of a river near a
hydraulic structure

(b) To increase water level in canals to enhance irrigation


practices and reduce pumping head

(c) Mixing of chemicals in water


supply system.

(d) Aeration and removing of air pockets in water supply system.

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