Matrices

Part 1: The Fundamental of Matrix

and Linear Algebra
 Outline of Lecture
Definition of terms
Role of matrix algebra
Addition and subtraction of matrices
Scalar Multiplication
Vector multiplication
Multiplication of matrices
Commutative, associative and distributive
laws in matrix algebra
 Outline of Lecture cont’d
Identity and null matrices
Matrix Expression of a set of linear equation
Row operations
Augmented matrix
 Definition and Terms
A matrix is a rectangular arrays of numbers,
parameters, or variables, each of which has a
carefully ordered place within the matrix.
 the numbers (parameters or variables) are
referred to as elements
 the numbers in a horizontal line are called rows
 the numbers in a vertical line are called columns
 The number of rows (m) and columns (n) define
the dimensions of the matrix (m × n)
 Definition and Terms
Square matrix - the number of rows equals number of
columns (i.e., m = n)

Column vector – the matrix is composed of a single

column (m × 1)
Row vector – the matrix is composed of a single row (1
× n)
 Definition and Terms
Transpose – a matrix which converts the rows of a
matrix into columns and the columns into rows is called
the transpose of the matrix.
Example: the transpose of matrix B designated
 The Role of Matrix Algebra
• Permits expression of complicated systems of
equations in a succinct, simplified way
• Provides a shorthand method to determining
whether a solution exists before it is attempted
• Furnishes the means of solving the equation
system
Note: Can only be applied to systems of linear
equations
 The Role of Matrix Algebra
Example 1: provides a concise way of keeping track of
stock in firm with several outlets
Outlet BMW Lexus Audi Mercedes

1 120 110 90 150

2 200 180 210 110

3 175 190 160 80

4 140 170 180 140

Rows: level of stock in any one of its outlets

Columns: the amount of any line of its product
 The Role of Matrix Algebra
Example 2: non-linear function, such as the
generalized Cobb-Douglas production function, can
be converted into a linear function
 Addition and Subtraction of
Matrices
Addition (subtraction) of two matrices A + B (A – B)
requires that the matrices be of equal dimensions.
Each element of one matrix is added to (subtracted
from) the corresponding element of the other matrix.
Thus, a11 in A will be added to (subtracted from) b11 in
B; a12 to b12 etc.
 Scalar Multiplication
Multiplication of a matrix by a number or scalar
involves multiplication of every element in the matrix
by the number.
Example: The result of a scalar multiplication kA,
given k = 8 and
 Vector Multiplication
Multiplication of a row vector (A) by a column vector
(B) requires as a precondition that each vector has
precisely the same number of elements.
The product is found by multiplying the individual
elements of the row vector by their corresponding
vector in the column vector, and summing up the
products

The product of the row-column multiplication will thus

be a single number or scalar.
 Vector Multiplication
Example: The product of AB of the row vector A and
the column vector B, given

NB: Scalar multiplication forms the basis for all matrix

multiplication and is therefore of paramount importance.
 Multiplication of matrices
Multiplication of two matrices with dimensions (m × n)1
and (m × n)2 requires that the matrices be conformable,
i.e., the number of columns in the lead matrix equals the
number rows in the lag matrix (n1 = m1)

Each element in the lead matrix is multiplied by each

column in the lag matrix, according to the rules for
multiplying row and column vectors.

The row column products are called inner products.

 Multiplication of matrices
Example: Given

Step 1: test for conformability

 Commutative, Associative and
Distributive Laws in Matrix Algebra
Matrix addition is commutative
A+B=B+A
Matrix Addition is also associative
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
Since matrix subtraction can be converted to matrix
addition A + (-B), matrix subtraction is also
commutative and associative.
Matrix multiplication with few exceptions, is not
commutative
AB ≠ BA
 Commutative, Associative and
Distributive Laws in Matrix Algebra
Scalar multiplication is commutative
kA = Ak
If two or more matrices are conformable, that is,
X(a × b),Y(c × d),,Z(e × f), where b = a and d = c, the
associative law will apply as long as the matrices are
multiplied in the order of conformability. Thus (XY)Z =
X(YZ).
Subject to these same conditions, matrix multiplication
is also distributive A(B + C) = AB + BC
 Identity and Null Matrices
An identity matrix I is a square matrix which has 1 for every
element on the principal diagonal from left to right and zero
for everywhere else.

The identify matrix is similar to the number 1 in algebra

since multiplication of a matrix by an identity leaves the
original matrix unchanged
AI = IA = A
Multiplication of an identity matrix by itself leaves the
identity matrix unchanged I × I = (I)2.
 Matrix expression of a set of linear
equations
Matrix algebra permits the concise expression of a
system of linear equations.
Example:
7x + 3y = 45
4x + 5y = 29
can be expressed in matrix form
AX = B
Where
s
 Row Operations
Row operations means the application of simple
algebraic operations to the rows of a matrix.
Three basic row operations:
- any two rows of a matrix can be interchanged.
- any row or rows to be multiplied by a constant
provided that the constant does not equal zero
- any multiple of a row to be added to or subtracted
from any other row
 Augmented Matrix
Given a system of equations in matrix form AX = B, the
augmented matrix A|B is the coefficient matrix A with
the column vector of constant B set along side it,
separated by a line or bar.
 Conclusion
The material in this lecture will be examined
in Test 2.

Students are encouraged to attempt

worksheet on matrices and seek clarification
on any issue encountered in tutorials.
 Matrices

Part 2: Matrix Inversion

 Outline of lecture
 Determinants and nonsingularity
Higher-order determinants
Minors and cofactors
Properties of a determinant
 Cofactor and adjoint matrices
 Inverse matrices
Solving matrix equations
– Cramer Rule
–Inverse
–Gaussian method
Determinants and Nonsingularity
 The determinant is a single number or scalar and is
found only in square matrices.
 The determinant |A| of a (2 × 2) matrix is called a
second order determinant, and is derived by taking
the product of the main diagonal and subtracting
from it the product of the two elements off the
principal diagonal. Thus, given a general (2 × 2)
matrix

|A| = a11a22 – a21a12 |A| = 6(9) – 7(4) =26

Determinants and Nonsingularity
 the matrix is nonsingular (i.e., not linearly
dependent) if its determinant is nonzero.
|A| ≠ 0
 A singular matrix, for which |A| = 0 is one
in which at least one row or column is a
multiple of another row or column.

|B| = 4(9) – 6(6) = 0

B is therefore singular or not linearly dependent.
 Higher-order determinants
 The determinant of a (3 × 3) matrix is called a third-order
determinant and is the summation of three products. To
derive the three products
– Take the first element of the first row, a11, and mentally
delete the row and column in which it appears. Then
multiply a11 by the determinant of the remaining elements.
– Take the second element of the first row, a12, and mentally
delete the row and column in which it appears. Then
multiply a12 by (-1) times the determinant of the remaining
elements.
– Take the third element of the first row, a13, and mentally
delete the row and column in which it appears. Then
multiply a13 by the determinants of the remaining elements.
Higher-order determinants
 Minors and Cofactors
 The elements of a matrix remaining after the deletion
process described earlier form a subdeterminant of
the matrix called a minor. Thus, a minor |Mij| is the
determinant of the submatrix formed by deleting the ith
row and jth column of the matrix.

 A minor coupled with a prescribed sign is called a

cofactor, |Cij|. The rule for the sign of the cofactor is