Lec07 AI Introduction To Prolog

Prolog (programming in logic) is a logic-based programming language: programs correspond to sets of logical formulas and the Prolog interpreter uses logical methods to resolve queries.

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Lec07 AI Introduction To Prolog

Prolog (programming in logic) is a logic-based programming language: programs correspond to sets of logical formulas and the Prolog interpreter uses logical methods to resolve queries.

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শাহআলম

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Prolog:

Programming in Logic

with some mention of Datalog and

Constraint Logic Programming

600.325/425 Declarative Methods

- J. Eisner 1
Artificial Intelligence

■Course and exercises web site

http://www2.kbs.uni-hannover.de/ki.html
■About the AI exercises (Prolog)
❑ Taught in English
❑ Thursdays morning 11:00-11:45

© Patrick Blackburn,
Johan Bos & Kristina
Striegnitz
Artificial Intelligence
Introduction to Prolog
■Exercises Teaching Material
❑ Learn Prolog Now! http://www.learnprolognow.org
❑ SWI Prolog interpreter http://www.swi-prolog.org/

© Patrick Blackburn,
Johan Bos & Kristina
Striegnitz
The original declarative
programming
■
language
Courses in programming languages …
❑ Prolog is always the declarative language they teach.
❑ (imperative, functional, object-oriented, declarative)

■ Alain Colmeraeur & Philippe Roussel, 1971-1973

❑ With help from theorem proving folks such as Robert Kowalski
❑ Original project: Type in French statements & questions
■ Computer needed NLP and deductive reasoning
❑ Efficiency by David Warren, 1977 (compiler, virtual machine)
❑ Colmerauer & Roussel wrote 20 years later:
“Prolog is so simple that one has the sense that sooner or
later someone had to discover it … that period of our lives
remains one of the happiest in our memories.
❑ “We have had the pleasure of recalling it for this paper over
almonds accompanied by a dry martini.”
600.325/425 Declarative Methods
- J. Eisner 4
SWI Prolog

■Freely available Prolog interpreter

■Works with
❑ Linux,
❑ Windows, or
❑ Mac OS
■There are many more Prolog interpreters
■Not all are ISO compliant

■ Most common free Prolog implementation is SWI Prolog.

❑ Very nice, though faster ones are for sale (e.g., SICSTUS Prolog).
■ To run Prolog, you can just run ECLiPSe!
❑ ECLiPSe is a perfectly good Prolog implementation,
although so far we’ve concentrated only on its “extra” features.

http://www.swi-prolog.org/ http://eclipseclp.org/

600.325/425 Declarative Methods

- J. Eisner 6
Aim of this lecture

■Give some simple examples of Prolog programs

■Discuss the three basic constructs in Prolog:
❑ Facts
❑ Rules
❑ Queries
■Introduce other concepts, such as
❑ the role of logic
❑ unification with the help of variables
■Begin the systematic study of Prolog by defining
terms, atoms, and variables
© Patrick Blackburn,
Johan Bos & Kristina
Striegnitz
Prolog

■"Programming with Logic"

■Declarative
■Very different from other (procedural)
programming languages
■Good for knowledge-rich tasks

first Prolog interpreter by

Colmerauer and Roussel

1972 1977 1980 1980s/1990s 2005

implementation of DEC10
compiler by Warren

1972 1977 1980 1980s/1990s 2005

Definite Clause Grammars

implementation by Pereira and
Warren

1972 1977 1980 1980s/1990s 2005

© Patrick Blackburn,
Johan Bos & Kristina
Striegnitz
History of Prolog
Prolog grows in popularity especially in
Europe and Japan

1972 1977 1980 1980s/1990s 2005

© Patrick Blackburn,
Johan Bos & Kristina
Striegnitz
History of Prolog
Prolog used to program
natural language interface
in International Space
Station by NASA

1972 1977 1980 1980s/1990s 2005

■Describe the situation of interest

■Ask a question
■Prolog logically deduces new facts about the
situation we described
■Prolog gives us its deductions back as
answers

■Think declaratively, not procedurally

❑ Challenging
❑ Requires a different mindset
■High-level language
❑ Not as efficient as, say, C
❑ Good for rapid prototyping
❑ Useful in many AI applications