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The Camera: 15-463: Computational Photography Alexei Efros, CMU, Fall 2005

Slide by Steve Seitz pinhole camera Add a barrier to block off most of the rays this reduces blurring the opening known as the aperture How does this transform the image? Slide by Shree Nayar Varying Focus Ren Ng Depth of Field a lens focuses light onto the film There is a specific distance at which objects are 3in focus' +other points project to a 3circle of confusion in the image.

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99 views46 pages

The Camera: 15-463: Computational Photography Alexei Efros, CMU, Fall 2005

Slide by Steve Seitz pinhole camera Add a barrier to block off most of the rays this reduces blurring the opening known as the aperture How does this transform the image? Slide by Shree Nayar Varying Focus Ren Ng Depth of Field a lens focuses light onto the film There is a specific distance at which objects are 3in focus' +other points project to a 3circle of confusion in the image.

Uploaded by

Sumesh Vijayan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Camera

15-463: Computational Photography


Alexei Efros, CMU, Fall 2005
How do we see the world?

Let’s design a camera


• Idea 1: put a piece of film in front of an object
• Do we get a reasonable image?

Slide by Steve Seitz


Pinhole camera

Add a barrier to block off most of the rays


• This reduces blurring
• The opening known as the aperture
• How does this transform the image?

Slide by Steve Seitz


Pinhole camera model

Pinhole model:
• Captures pencil of rays – all rays through a single point
• The point is called Center of Projection (COP)
• The image is formed on the Image Plane
• Effective focal length f is distance from COP to Image Plane
Slide by Steve Seitz
Dimensionality Reduction Machine (3D to 2D)

3D world 2D image

Point of observation

What have we lost?


• Angles
• Distances (lengths)
Figures © Stephen E. Palmer, 2002
Funny things happen…
Parallel lines aren’t…

Figure by David Forsyth


Distances can’t be trusted...

Figure by David Forsyth


…but humans adopt!

Müller-Lyer Illusion

We don’t make measurements in the image plane


http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/sze_muelue/index.html
Building a real camera
Camera Obscura
Camera Obscura, Gemma Frisius, 1558

The first camera


• Known to Aristotle
• Depth of the room is the effective focal length
Home-made pinhole camera

Why so
blurry?

http://www.debevec.org/Pinhole/
Shrinking the aperture

Less light gets through

Why not make the aperture as small as possible?


• Less light gets through
• Diffraction effects…

Slide by Steve Seitz


Shrinking the aperture
The reason for lenses

Slide by Steve Seitz


Image Formation using Lenses
Ideal Lens: Same projection as pinhole but gathers more light!

i o
P

P’

1 1 1
Lens Formula:  
i o f
• f is the focal length of the lens – determines the lens’s ability to bend (refract) light
• f different from the effective focal length f discussed before!
Slide by Shree Nayar
Focus
Focus and Defocus

“circle of
confusion”

A lens focuses light onto the film


• There is a specific distance at which objects are “in focus”
– other points project to a “circle of confusion” in the image
• How can we change focus distance?

Slide by Steve Seitz


Varying Focus

Ren Ng
Depth Of Field
Depth of Field

http://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/depth-of-field.htm
Aperture controls Depth of Field

Changing the aperture size affects depth of field


• A smaller aperture increases the range in which the object is
approximately in focus
• But small aperture reduces amount of light – need to
increase exposure
Varying the aperture

f/2.8 f/22
Large apeture = small DOF Small apeture = large DOF
Nice Depth of Field effect
Field of View (Zoom)
Field of View (Zoom)
Field of View (Zoom)
FOV depends of Focal Length

Smaller FOV = larger Focal Length


From Zisserman & Hartley
Field of View / Focal Length

Large FOV Small FOV


Camera close to car Camera far from the car
Fun with Focal Length (Jim Sherwood)

http://www.hash.com/users/jsherwood/tutes/focal/Zoomin.mov
Large Focal Length compresses depth

400 mm 200 mm 100 mm 50 mm 28 mm 17 mm

© 1995-2005 Michael Reichmann


Lens Flaws
Lens Flaws: Chromatic Aberration
Dispersion: wavelength-dependent refractive index
• (enables prism to spread white light beam into rainbow)
Modifies ray-bending and lens focal length: f()

color fringes near edges of image


Corrections: add ‘doublet’ lens of flint glass, etc.
Chromatic Aberration

Near Lens Center Near Lens Outer Edge


Radial Distortion (e.g. ‘Barrel’ and ‘pin-cushion’)
straight lines curve around the image center
Radial Distortion

No distortion Pin cushion Barrel

Radial distortion of the image


• Caused by imperfect lenses
• Deviations are most noticeable for rays that pass through
the edge of the lens
Radial Distortion
Modeling Projections
Modeling projection

The coordinate system


• We will use the pin-hole model as an approximation
• Put the optical center (Center Of Projection) at the origin
• Put the image plane (Projection Plane) in front of the COP
––
Why?
• The camera looks down the negative z axis
– we need this if we want right-handed-coordinates

Slide by Steve Seitz


Modeling projection

Projection equations
• Compute intersection with PP of ray from (x,y,z) to COP
• Derived using similar triangles (on board)

• We get the projection by throwing out the last coordinate:

Slide by Steve Seitz


Homogeneous coordinates
Is this a linear transformation?
• no—division by z is nonlinear
Trick: add one more coordinate:

homogeneous image homogeneous scene


coordinates coordinates

Converting from homogeneous coordinates

Slide by Steve Seitz


Perspective Projection
Projection is a matrix multiply using homogeneous coordinates:

divide by third coordinate

This is known as perspective projection


• The matrix is the projection matrix
• Can also formulate as a 4x4

divide by fourth coordinate


Slide by Steve Seitz
Orthographic Projection
Special case of perspective projection
• Distance from the COP to the PP is infinite

Image World

• Also called “parallel projection”


• What’s the projection matrix?

Slide by Steve Seitz


Spherical Projection

What if PP is spherical with center at COP?


In spherical coordinates, projection is trivial:
d
Note: doesn’t depend on focal length d!
Programming Assignment #1

Out tonight, due Sept. 12,


11:59pm
Easy stuff to get you started
with Matlab
Distance Functions
• SSD
• Anything else?
Bells and Whistles
• Use your own photos / filters

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