Aggregating Data Using Group Functions

5
Aggregating Data
Using Group Functions
Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

Objectives
After completing this lesson, you should be able to

do the following:
• Identify the available group functions
• Describe the use of group functions
• Group data using the GROUP BY clause
• Include or exclude grouped rows by using the
HAVING clause
5-2 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

What Are Group Functions?
Group functions operate on sets of rows to give one
result per group.
EMPLOYEES
The maximum
salary in
the EMPLOYEES
table.

Types of Group Functions
• AVG
• COUNT
• MAX
• MIN
• STDDEV
• SUM
• VARIANCE

Group Functions Syntax
SELECT [column,] group_function(column), ...

FROM table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY column]
[ORDER BY column];

Using the AVG and SUM Functions
You can use AVG and SUM for numeric data.

SELECT AVG(salary), MAX(salary),
MIN(salary), SUM(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE job_id LIKE '%REP%';

Using the MIN and MAX Functions
You can use MIN and MAX for any data type.
SELECT MIN(hire_date), MAX(hire_date)
FROM employees;

Using the COUNT Function
COUNT(*) returns the number of rows in a table.

SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 50;

Using the COUNT Function
• COUNT(expr) returns the number of rows with

non-null values for the expr.
• Display the number of department values in the
EMPLOYEES table, excluding the null values.
SELECT COUNT(commission_pct)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 80;

Using the DISTINCT Keyword
• COUNT(DISTINCT expr) returns the number of

distinct non-null values of the expr.
• Display the number of distinct department values
in the EMPLOYEES table.
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT department_id)
FROM employees;

Group Functions and Null Values
Group functions ignore null values in the column.
SELECT AVG(commission_pct)
FROM employees;

Using the NVL Function
with Group Functions
The NVL function forces group functions to include

null values.
SELECT AVG(NVL(commission_pct, 0))
FROM employees;

Creating Groups of Data
EMPLOYEES
4400
9500 The
average
3500
salary
in
EMPLOYEES
6400
table
for each
department.
10033

Creating Groups of Data:
The GROUP BY Clause Syntax
SELECT column, group_function(column)

FROM table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY group_by_expression]
[ORDER BY column];
Divide rows in a table into smaller groups by using the

GROUP BY clause.

Using the GROUP BY Clause
All columns in the SELECT list that are not in group

functions must be in the GROUP BY clause.
SELECT department_id, AVG(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id ;

The GROUP BY column does not have to be in the

SELECT list.
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id ;

Grouping by More Than One Column
EMPLOYEES
“Add up the
salaries in
the EMPLOYEES
table
for each job,
grouped by
department.
…

on Multiple Columns
SELECT department_id dept_id, job_id, SUM(salary)

FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id, job_id ;

Illegal Queries
Any column or expression in the SELECT list that is

not an aggregate function must be in the GROUP BY
clause.
SELECT department_id, COUNT(last_name)

FROM employees;
SELECT department_id, COUNT(last_name)

*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00937: not a single-group group function
Column missing in the GROUP BY clause

Illegal Queries
• You cannot use the WHERE clause to restrict groups.

• You use the HAVING clause to restrict groups.
• You cannot use group functions in the WHERE clause.
SELECT department_id, AVG(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE AVG(salary) > 8000
GROUP BY department_id;
WHERE AVG(salary) > 8000

*
ERROR at line 3:
ORA-00934: group function is not allowed here
Cannot use the WHERE clause to restrict groups

Excluding Group Results
EMPLOYEES
The maximum
salary
per department
when it is
greater than
$10,000
…

Excluding Group Results: The HAVING
Clause
Use the HAVING clause to restrict groups:

1. Rows are grouped.
2. The group function is applied.
3. Groups matching the HAVING clause are displayed.
SELECT column, group_function

FROM table
[WHERE condition]
[HAVING group_condition]
[ORDER BY column];

Using the HAVING Clause
SELECT department_id, MAX(salary)

FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MAX(salary)>10000 ;

Using the HAVING Clause
SELECT job_id, SUM(salary) PAYROLL

FROM employees
WHERE job_id NOT LIKE '%REP%'
GROUP BY job_id
HAVING SUM(salary) > 13000
ORDER BY SUM(salary);

Nesting Group Functions
Display the maximum average salary.

SELECT MAX(AVG(salary))
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;

Summary
In this lesson, you should have learned how to:

• Use the group functions COUNT, MAX, MIN, AVG
• Write queries that use the GROUP BY clause
• Write queries that use the HAVING clause
SELECT column, group_function(column)
FROM table
[WHERE condition]
[HAVING group_condition]
[ORDER BY column];

Practice 5 Overview
This practice covers the following topics:

• Writing queries that use the group functions
• Grouping by rows to achieve more than one result
• Excluding groups by using the HAVING clause


Aggregating Data Using Group Functions

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5

Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

After completing this lesson, you should be able to

5-2 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

5-3 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

5-4 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

SELECT [column,] group_function(column), ...

5-5 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

You can use AVG and SUM for numeric data.

5-6 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

5-7 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

COUNT(*) returns the number of rows in a table.

5-8 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

• COUNT(expr) returns the number of rows with

5-9 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

• COUNT(DISTINCT expr) returns the number of

5-10 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

Group functions ignore null values in the column.

5-11 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

The NVL function forces group functions to include

5-12 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

5-13 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

SELECT column, group_function(column)

Divide rows in a table into smaller groups by using the

5-14 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

All columns in the SELECT list that are not in group

5-15 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

The GROUP BY column does not have to be in the

5-16 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

5-17 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

SELECT department_id dept_id, job_id, SUM(salary)

5-18 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

Any column or expression in the SELECT list that is

SELECT department_id, COUNT(last_name)

SELECT department_id, COUNT(last_name)

Column missing in the GROUP BY clause

5-19 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

• You cannot use the WHERE clause to restrict groups.

WHERE AVG(salary) > 8000

Cannot use the WHERE clause to restrict groups

5-20 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

5-21 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

Use the HAVING clause to restrict groups:

SELECT column, group_function

5-22 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

SELECT department_id, MAX(salary)

5-23 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

SELECT job_id, SUM(salary) PAYROLL

5-24 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

Display the maximum average salary.

5-25 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

In this lesson, you should have learned how to:

5-26 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

This practice covers the following topics:

5-27 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

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