Conjunctions: By: Hizra Marisa S.IP M.Si

Conjunctions
by: Hizra Marisa S.IP M.Si

All of these words, and many more,
are conjunctions ! ! !
for or
before if
than
even though
while whether
wherever
and nor
since so
then
although
yet unless
because
until
where but
Let us take a closer look . .

What is a conjunction?
 Conjunction is the name for those common words

that are used to join (conjoin) parts of sentences. Also,
conjunctions may be used to begin certain sentences.
There are two different types of conjunctions:

coordinating conjunctions and subordinating
conjunctions.
Conjunctions sometimes work in pairs and are called

correlative conjunctions.
 Conjunctive adverbs are also frequently used to

provide logical connections in sentences.

Coordinating Conjunctions
These conjunctions are seven very common words. They
are very small, made up of three or fewer letters.
When to Use Each Coordinating Conjunction:

Reason Coordinating Conjunction
To communicate addition and
To communicate contrast but, yet
To communicate a result/effect so
To communicate a reason/cause for
To communicate a choice or
To communicate a negative choice nor
Use them between two independent clauses.

Coordinating Conjunctions cont….
Coordinating conjunctions are used to join words,
phrases, and independent clauses.
Examples of coordinating conjunctions in sentences:

Ex. He only wears striped ties and polka dotted bow
ties. ( And joins two words.)
Ex. The shoes were not blue suede nor black leather.
(Nor joins two phrases.)
Ex. It wasn’t a costume party, yet many came dressed

as literary villains. (Yet joins two independent clauses.)
More Coordinating
Conjunctions...
These are likely used less often; however, they
serve an important function.
When to Use Each Coordinating Conjunction:

Reason Coordinating Conjunction
To communicate additional consequently
information furthermore
however
indeed
moreover
nevertheless
then
therefore
Use them between two independent clauses.
Coordinating Conjunctions cont….
These coordinating conjunctions are used to join
independent clauses.
Examples of coordinating conjunctions in sentences:
Ex. He only wears brown wingtips; consequently, he

does not wear white socks. ( Consequently joins two
independent clauses.)
Ex. The shoes were not suede; however, they were

leather. (However joins two independent clauses.)
Ex. It was not a Halloween party; nevertheless, many

came dressed in costumes. (nevertheless joins two
independent clauses.)
Subordinate Conjunctions
These conjunctions are used to express relationships
between a dependent and an independent clause.
When to Use Common Subordinate Conjunctions:
Reason Subordinate Conjunction

Regarding time after, before, once, since,
until, when, whenever, while
To communicate a reason/cause as, because, since
To communicate a result/effect in order that, so, so that, that
To communicate a conditionif, even if, unless
To communicate contrast although, even though,
though, whereas
Regarding location where, wherever
Regarding a choice than, whether
Subordinate Conjunctions cont….
Subordinate conjunctions often begin a dependent clause. If
the dependent clause begins or interrupts the sentence, then
it is separated from the independent clause by a comma.
Examples of subordinate conjunctions in sentences:

Ex. Once she found the perfect broach, she purchased
three outfits to match it. (Once demonstrates a time context. A
comma is used because the conjunction begins the sentence.)
Ex. He wore the top hat wherever he went. (Wherever

demonstrates a location context. Though wherever begins the
dependent clause, no comma is used because it does not begin the
sentence or interrupt the sentence.)
Correlative Conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions are two separate
conjunctions that are often in sentences together.
Common Correlative Conjunctions and Examples:

both, and Ex. Both maroon and gray accent nicely.
either, or Ex. I like to wear either pants or capris.
neither, nor Ex. Neither the shirt nor the jacket fit.
not only, but (also) Ex. Not only one button fell off, but all of
them.
whether, or Ex. Whether or not you wear nice clothes,
you have to wear clothes.
not, so much as Ex. It was not that his clothes were
flamboyant so much as they were
florid.
Conjunctive Adverbs
Conjunctive adverbs provide connections and transitions
that clarify or limit the meaning of words.
When to Use Common Conjunctive Adverbs:
Reason Conjunctive Adverb

To communicate addition also, furthermore, besides
To communicate contrast however, still, nevertheless,
instead, otherwise
To communicate comparison similarly, likewise
To introduce a result/summary therefore, thus, consequently,
accordingly, hence, then
To indicate time next, then, meanwhile, finally
To communicate emphasis indeed, certainly
Conjunctive Adverbs cont….
Conjunctive adverbs can appear anywhere in a
sentence. They should be followed by a comma and,
when in the middle of a sentence, preceded by a
semicolon.
Examples of conjunctive adverbs in sentences:

Ex. Furthermore, stiletto heels are not a fad; they are
classic! (Furthermore communicates an additional
statement and is followed by a comma.)
Ex. His crimson cape caught on the skyscraper;
therefore, his flying ended abruptly. (Therefore
communicates a result and is preceded by a
semicolon because it is in the middle of the sentence.)
A Parting Quiz...
Finally, the University Writing Center staff and I
hope that this presentation has helped you develop a
better understanding of conjunctions, since they are
vital to the English language; consequently, you will
use them often in your writing endeavors. Perhaps this
online lecture has not helped with your grammar so
much as with enhancing your fashion awareness.
Therefore, challenge yourself to a conjunction quiz,
or call it a review before signing off. (Review is
preferable, because the word quiz often has a
negative connotation.) Whether or not you feel like a
conjunction pro, scan this paragraph and see if you
can recognize the conjunctions, correlative
conjunctions, and conjunctive adverbs. After you are
done, click to the next slide where you will find the
answers.
Answers:
cc: correlative conjunction sc: subordinate conjunction
ca: conjunctive adverb c2: correlative conjunction
Finally (ca) ((answer as an example)), the University Writing

Center staff...........................................................................................
(( continue with the answer ))

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Conjunctions

by: Hizra Marisa S.IP M.Si

Let us take a closer look . .

 Conjunction is the name for those common words

There are two different types of conjunctions:

Conjunctions sometimes work in pairs and are called

 Conjunctive adverbs are also frequently used to

When to Use Each Coordinating Conjunction:

Use them between two independent clauses.

Examples of coordinating conjunctions in sentences:

Ex. It wasn’t a costume party, yet many came dressed

When to Use Each Coordinating Conjunction:

Ex. He only wears brown wingtips; consequently, he

Ex. The shoes were not suede; however, they were

Ex. It was not a Halloween party; nevertheless, many

When to Use Common Subordinate Conjunctions:

Reason Subordinate Conjunction

Examples of subordinate conjunctions in sentences:

Ex. He wore the top hat wherever he went. (Wherever

Common Correlative Conjunctions and Examples:

When to Use Common Conjunctive Adverbs:

Reason Conjunctive Adverb

Examples of conjunctive adverbs in sentences:

Finally (ca) ((answer as an example)), the University Writing

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