This document discusses the structure and classification of bacterial cells. It defines bacteria and describes their key characteristics, including their unicellular structure, lack of organelles, and rigid cell wall containing peptidoglycan. It classifies bacteria based on their morphology, nutrition, temperature tolerance, and pH tolerance. Morphological types include cocci, bacilli, and spirilla. The document outlines several medically important gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and the diseases they can cause.
This document discusses the structure and classification of bacterial cells. It defines bacteria and describes their key characteristics, including their unicellular structure, lack of organelles, and rigid cell wall containing peptidoglycan. It classifies bacteria based on their morphology, nutrition, temperature tolerance, and pH tolerance. Morphological types include cocci, bacilli, and spirilla. The document outlines several medically important gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and the diseases they can cause.
This document discusses the structure and classification of bacterial cells. It defines bacteria and describes their key characteristics, including their unicellular structure, lack of organelles, and rigid cell wall containing peptidoglycan. It classifies bacteria based on their morphology, nutrition, temperature tolerance, and pH tolerance. Morphological types include cocci, bacilli, and spirilla. The document outlines several medically important gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and the diseases they can cause.
This document discusses the structure and classification of bacterial cells. It defines bacteria and describes their key characteristics, including their unicellular structure, lack of organelles, and rigid cell wall containing peptidoglycan. It classifies bacteria based on their morphology, nutrition, temperature tolerance, and pH tolerance. Morphological types include cocci, bacilli, and spirilla. The document outlines several medically important gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and the diseases they can cause.
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Bacterial Cell Structure
Microbiology Unit I
Muhammad Iqbal KMU OBJECTIVES By the end of this lecture the students will be able to: • Define Bacteria • Give characteristics of bacterial cell • Classify Bacteria on the basis of: a. Morphology b. Nutrition c. Temperature d. PH • Give some examples of Gram +ve and Gram –ve bacteria 2 M. Iqbal, KMU CHARACTERISTICS OF BACTERIA • Bacteria are prokaryotic unicellular organisms • DNA and RNA both are present • Division (reproduction) by Binary fission • No mitochondria and nuclear membrane • Rigid cell wall containing peptidoglycan
M. Iqbal, KMU 3 Shape and size Three principal shapes of bacteria exist: • Round (cocci; singular, coccus) • Rods (bacilli; singular, bacillus) • Curved or twisted rods (spirilla; singular, spirillum)
Cocci Bacilli M. Iqbal, KMU Spirilla 4 • Typical bacteria measure 2-8 m in length and 0.2-2 m in width. • Form associations such as chains, clusters, and tetrads.
M. Iqbal, KMU 5 Aerotolerance • Strict Aerobes: Bacteria that grow only in the presence molecular oxygen. e.g. Mycobacterium tuberculosis • Strict Anaerobes: are which can grow only in the absence of molecular oxygen. e.g. Clostridium tetani • Facultative anaerobes: They can grow both in the presence as well as absence of molecular oxygen. E.g. Escherichia coli
M. Iqbal, KMU 6 Bacterial Structure
M. Iqbal, KMU 7 A typical bacterial features • Flagella (Singular: flagellum) are thread like structures for locomotion in most motile bacteria. • Pili (singular: pilus) Appendages on bacterial cell Shorter than flagella used for transfer of genetic material from one to another (sex pilli) • Fimbriae (singular: Fimbria) Appendages on bacterial cell Shorter than pili used for attachment to contact surfaces
M. Iqbal, KMU 8 • Capsule - Made of polysaccharides which protects bacteria from phagocytes. • Cell wall: • Made up of peptidoglycan. – Responsible for the rigidity of bacterial cell. • Cell Membrane: – Inner to cell wall, there is a delicate cytoplasmic membrane which surrounds the cytoplasm.
M. Iqbal, KMU 9 • Ribosome made up of RNA and protein. It is a factory of protein synthesis. • Mesosome An invagination of cell membrane which helps in cell division. • Nucleoid (Genetic material) Unlike virus, bacteria have both DNA and RNA. It contains genetic charateristics. • Periplasm is the space between cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall which contains hydrolytic and Beta lactamase enzyme to degrade substances like penicillin. • Plasmid A fragment of extrachromosomal DNA segment which contains different genes for resistance to antibiotic.
M. Iqbal, KMU 10 • Endospore – The process of formation of spore is known as sporulation. Bacillus species can form spores. It is produced within the cell, one spore is formed within a single bacterial cell. • It is resistant to heat, UV light, most chemicals and desiccation. • When conditions are favorable, the spore germinates and produces a fresh vegetative cell.
M. Iqbal, KMU 11 Endotoxin Toxin which is released only upon lysis of bacterial cell. Found only in G –ve. It is heat-resistant
Exotoxin Toxin released by Viable bacterial cells. Found mostly in G +ve but in some G –ve as well. It is heat-labile
M. Iqbal, KMU 12 Morphology Based Classification Three principal shapes of bacteria are: • Coccus: (Round shape) • Bacillus: (Rod shape) • Spirillum: (Curved or twisted rod)
Cocci Bacilli M. Iqbal, KMU Spirilla 13 • They may form associations in the form of two cocci (diplococcus), chains (streptococcus), clusters (staphyllococcus), tetrads, and sarcina as shown below.
M. Iqbal, KMU 14 Nutrition based Classification ►Carbon Source: Microorganisms are classified into two groups on the basis of sources of carbon as autotrophs and hetrotrophs. Autotrophs are the microorganisms which derive carbon from inorganic compounds like CO2. Hetrotrophs are the microorganisms which derive carbon from different organic compounds like sugar, alcohol etc. ►
M. Iqbal, KMU 15 Cont… Energy Source: Microorganisms depend upon different sources of energy. The organisms which depend on sunlight as a major source of energy are called phototrophs. Other organisms which use chemicals as a source of energy are called chemotrophs. Autotrophs may either use sunlight or chemical compouds as energy source; they are called photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs respectively.
M. Iqbal, KMU 16 Likewise, hetrotrophs may either use sunlight or chemical compouds as energy source; they are called photohetrotrophs and chemohetrotrophs respectively.
M. Iqbal, KMU 17 Temperature Based Classification
Regarding temperature they are grouped into
three categories
1- Psychrophiles Love to grow in the range of 0 0C - 25
0C
2- Mesophiles Love to grow between 25 0C - 40 0C
3- Thermophiles Love to grow in the range of 40 0C - 85 0C Some species even grow at 98 0C as in hot sulfur spring M. Iqbal, KMU 18 PH Based Classification Regarding PH they are grouped into three categories
1- Acidophiles Love to grow in the range
of PH between 0-6 2- Neutrophiles Love to grow between 6-8 PH 3- Alkalophiles Love to grow at PH above 8 M. Iqbal, KMU 19 Beneficial and Harmful Bacteria • Truly speaking, all of the bacteria are potentially harmful. Any how, about 97 % bacteria are beneficial and 3 % harmful. Beneficial bacteria include normal flora and other industrial and environmental bacteria.
M. Iqbal, KMU 20 Some Medically Important Bacteria 1- Gram Positive: • Streptococcus—causes pneumonia, pharyngitis, cellulitis • Staphylococcus—abscess of skin and other organs, Food poisoning • Bacillus (spore forming rods)—causes Anthrax • Clostridium (spore forming rods)— Tetanus, botulism • Corynebacterium—diphtheria • Listeria—Meningitis • Actinomyces— Actinomycosis
