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2 Gradient of A Scalar, Divergence of A Vector and Divergence Theorem

The document discusses gradient operators and divergence operators in Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate systems. It provides the definitions and formulas for calculating the gradient of a scalar field and the divergence of a vector field in each coordinate system. Several examples are worked out applying these concepts to find the gradient of scalar fields and the divergence of vector fields at specified points.

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Marc Rivera
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2K views51 pages

2 Gradient of A Scalar, Divergence of A Vector and Divergence Theorem

The document discusses gradient operators and divergence operators in Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate systems. It provides the definitions and formulas for calculating the gradient of a scalar field and the divergence of a vector field in each coordinate system. Several examples are worked out applying these concepts to find the gradient of scalar fields and the divergence of vector fields at specified points.

Uploaded by

Marc Rivera
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ECE

Engr. Marcelo V. Rivera


The del operator, written 𝛻, is the vector differential operator,
aka gradient operator.
In Cartesian coordinates:
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻= 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
In cylindrical coordinates:
𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻 = 𝑎𝜌 + 𝑎𝜙 + 𝑎𝑧
𝜕𝜌 𝜌 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑧
In spherical coordinates:
𝜕 1 𝜕 1 𝜕
𝛻 = 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎𝜃 + 𝑎𝜙
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜙
The gradient of a scalar field V is a vector that represents
both the magnitude and the direction of the maximum space
rate of increase of V:

For Cartesian coordinates:


𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
grad V = 𝛻V = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
In cylindrical coordinates:
𝜕𝑉 1 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
grad V = 𝛻V = 𝑎𝜌 + 𝑎𝜙 + 𝑎𝑧
𝜕𝜌 𝜌 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑧

In spherical coordinates:
𝜕𝑉 1 𝜕𝑉 1 𝜕𝑉
grad V = 𝛻V = 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎𝜃 + 𝑎𝜙
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜙
note: The projection or component of V in the direction of a
unit vector 𝒂 is
𝛻V ∙ 𝑎

and is called the directional derivative of V along A


- This is the rate of change of V in the direction of 𝒂.
dV
= 𝛻V ∙ 𝑎
dl
Given: 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 5𝑦, find 𝛻𝑓.
𝛻𝑓 = 3𝑖 − 5𝑗
Given: 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 ln(𝑦 − 4), find 𝛻𝑔.
−2𝑥
𝑒
𝛻𝑔 = −2𝑒 −2𝑥 ln(𝑦 − 4) 𝑖 + 𝑗
𝑦−4
Given: 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 4𝑧 2 , find 𝛻𝑓.
𝛻𝑓 = 4𝑥𝑖 − 2𝑦𝑗 − 8𝑧𝑘
Given: 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 ln(𝑥 + 𝑦), at point (−2,3) find 𝛻𝑔.
𝛻𝑔 −2,3 = −2𝑖 − 2𝑗
Given: 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑧𝑒 −𝑥 tan 𝑦, at point (0, π, −2) find 𝛻𝑓.
𝛻𝑓 0, π, −2 = −2𝑗
Given: 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑦 ln 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 2 , at point (1,2) find 𝛻𝑓.
𝛻𝑓 1,2 = 6𝑖 + 4𝑗
Given: 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑧, at point (2, −1,1) find 𝛻𝑓.
𝛻𝑓 2, −1,1 = 4𝑖 − 2𝑗 − 4𝑘
Find the gradient of the scalar field.
𝑉 = 𝑒 −𝑧 sin 2𝑥 cosh 𝑦
2𝑒 −𝑧 cos 2𝑥 cosh 𝑦 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑧 sin 2𝑥 sinh 𝑦 𝑎𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑧 sin 2𝑥 cosh 𝑦 𝑎𝑧
Find the gradient of the scalar field.
𝑈 = 𝜌2 𝑧 cos 2𝜙
2𝜌𝑧 cos 2𝜙 𝑎𝜌 − 2𝜌𝑧 sin 2𝜙 𝑎𝜙 + 𝜌2 cos 2𝜙 𝑎𝑧
Find the gradient of the scalar field.
𝑊 = 10𝑟 sin2 θ cos 𝜙
10 sin2 θ cos 𝜙 𝑎𝑟 + 10 sin 2θ cos 𝜙 𝑎θ − 10 sin θ sin 𝜙 𝑎𝜙
2 2 d𝑊
Given 𝑊 = 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧, compute 𝛻𝑊 and the direction in
𝑑𝑙
the direction 3𝑎𝑥 + 4𝑎𝑦 + 12𝑎𝑧 at 2, −1, 0 .
4𝑎𝑥 − 8𝑎𝑦 − 2𝑎𝑧
44
−
13
The divergence of A at a given point P is the outward flux per
unit volume as the volume shrinks about P.
‫ 𝑆ׯ‬A ∙ 𝑑𝐒
div A = 𝛻 ∙ A = lim
∆𝑣→0 ∆𝑣
Where:
∆𝑣 – is the volume enclosed by the closed surface S in which P is
located.
‫ 𝑆ׯ‬A ∙ 𝑑𝐒 - is the net outflow of flux of a vector field A from a
closed surface S.
The divergence of A at a given point P is the outward flux per
unit volume as the volume shrinks about P.
a) Positive divergence
@ source point
b) Negative divergence
or convergence @
sink point
c) Zero divergence
In Cartesian coordinates:
𝜕𝐴𝑥 𝜕𝐴𝑦 𝜕𝐴𝑧
𝛻∙A= + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
In cylindrical coordinates:
1 𝜕 1 𝜕𝐴𝜙 𝜕𝐴𝑧
𝛻∙A= 𝜌𝐴𝜌 + +
𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝜌 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑧
In spherical coordinates:
1 𝜕 2 1 𝜕 1 𝜕𝐴𝜙
𝛻∙A= 2 𝑟 𝐴𝑟 + 𝐴θ sin θ +
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 sin θ 𝜕θ 𝑟 sin θ 𝜕𝜙
Divergence theorem is also known as the Gauss-Ostrogradsky
theorem.
ර A ∙ 𝑑𝐒 = න 𝛻 ∙ 𝐀𝑑𝑣
𝑆 𝒗
The divergence theorem states that the total outward flux of a
vector field A through the closed surface S is the same as the
volume integral of the divergence of A.
Determine the divergence of the vector field
P = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧𝑎𝑥 + 𝑥𝑧𝑎𝑧
2𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥
Determine the divergence of the vector field
Q = 𝜌 sin 𝜙 𝑎𝜌 + 𝜌2 𝑧𝑎𝜙 + 𝑧 cos 𝜙 𝑎𝑧
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙 + cos 𝜙
Determine the divergence of the vector field
1
T = 2 cos θ 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑟 sin θ cos 𝜙 𝑎θ + cos θ 𝑎𝜙
𝑟
2 cos θ cos 𝜙
Determine the divergence of the vector field and evaluate
them at the specified point.
A = 𝑦𝑎𝑥 + 4𝑥𝑦𝑎𝑦 + 𝑦𝑎𝑧 at (1, -2, 3)
4𝑥, 4
Determine the divergence of the vector field and evaluate
them at the specified point.
𝐵 = 𝜌𝑧 sin 𝜙 𝑎𝜌 + 3𝜌𝑧 2 cos 𝜙 𝑎𝜙 at (5, 𝜋/2, 1)
2 − 3𝑧 𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙, -1
Determine the divergence of the vector field and evaluate
them at the specified point.
C = 2𝑟 cos θ cos 𝜙 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑟1/2 𝑎𝜙 at (1, 𝜋/6, 𝜋/3)
6 cos θ cos 𝜙, 2.598
If G 𝑟 = 10𝑒 −2𝑧 𝜌𝑎𝜌 + 𝑎𝑧 , determine the flux of G out of the
entire surface of the cylinder 𝜌 = 1, 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1 using the
divergence theorem.
0
Determine the flux of D = 𝜌2 cos 2 𝜙 𝑎𝜌 + 𝑧 sin 𝜙 𝑎𝜙 , over the
closed surface of the cylinder 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1, 𝜌 = 4, using the
divergence theorem.
64𝜋
1. PE 3.3
2. PE 3.4
3. Dfgdfgd
4. sdlkfsdl;f
1.

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