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Electromagnetic Compatibility: UNIT-3: Grounding

1) Grounding is important for minimizing noise and interference by providing low-impedance paths. 2) There are safety grounds, usually connected to earth, and signal grounds, which may or may not be connected to earth and act as a reference potential. 3) Single-point grounding connects all grounds to a single node but can cause interference, while multipoint grounds connect each circuit directly to the ground plane to avoid interference. Hybrid grounds combine approaches for different frequencies.

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Shiva Prasad M
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78 views13 pages

Electromagnetic Compatibility: UNIT-3: Grounding

1) Grounding is important for minimizing noise and interference by providing low-impedance paths. 2) There are safety grounds, usually connected to earth, and signal grounds, which may or may not be connected to earth and act as a reference potential. 3) Single-point grounding connects all grounds to a single node but can cause interference, while multipoint grounds connect each circuit directly to the ground plane to avoid interference. Hybrid grounds combine approaches for different frequencies.

Uploaded by

Shiva Prasad M
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ELECTROMAGNETIC

COMPATIBILITY

UNIT-3 : Grounding

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2

Introduction
• Grounding is one of the primary ways of minimizing
unwanted noise and Pickup.
• Proper use of grounding & cabling in combination can solve
a large percentage of all noise problems.
• Advantage of a well designed ground system is that it can
provide protection against unwanted interference and
emission without any additional per unit cost to the product.
• If the ground is connected to the earth through a low
impedance path it may be called an earth ground.
• Grounds – 1) Safety grounds- usually at earth potential
2) Signal grounds – may or may not be at earth
potential
3

Safety Grounds:

• Safety considerations require the chassis or enclosure for


electric equipment to be grounded.
4

Signal Grounds:
• A ground is normally defined as an equipotential point or
plane that serves as reference potential for a circuit or
system
• Signal ground is a low-impedance path for current to
return to the source.
• The proper signal ground system is determined by type of
circuitry, frequency of operation, size of system.
• Signal grounds can be divided into the following three
categories:
1. Single-point grounds- series & parallel connection
2. Multipoint grounds
3. Hybrid grounds
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6

Single point ground Systems: Series connection

 Series connection is also called as Common ground or daisy chain


 With regard to noise the most undesirable single point ground system is
common ground system
 Resistance represent the impedance of the ground conductors
7

• Although this circuit is the least desirable single-point grounding


system, it is commonly used because of its simplicity
• The configuration should not be used between circuits that
operate at widely different current levels, because the high
current stages will adversely affect the low-level circuits through
the common ground impedance.
• When the system is used, the most critical circuit should be the
• one nearest the primary ground point. point A is at a lower
potential than points B or C.
8

Separate ground or parallel connection:

• More desirable single-point ground system at low frequency


• No cross coupling occurs between ground currents from
different circuits
9

• The ground potential of a circuit is now a function of the


ground current and impedance of that circuit only
• This system can be mechanically cumbersome, however,
because in a large system an unreasonable number of
ground conductors may be necessary.
• At high frequencies, the single-point ground system is
undesirable because the inductance of the ground
conductors increase the ground impedance. At still higher
frequencies, the impedance of the ground conductors can
be very high, if the length coincides with odd multiples of a
quarter wavelength. Not only will these grounds have large
impedance, but also they will act as antennas and radiate,
as well as pick up energy effectively. To maintain a low
impedance and to minimize radiation and pickup, ground
leads should always be kept shorter than one twentieth of a
wavelength.
10

Multipoint ground system:

• Multipoint grounds are used at high frequency (above 100 kHz)


and in digital circuitry.
• circuits are connected to the nearest available low-impedance
ground plane usually chassis.
• The connections between each circuit and the ground plane
should be kept as short as possible to minimize their
impedance.
11

• Common impedance of ground plane can be reduced by


silver plating the surface.
• Increasing the thickness of the ground plane has no effect
on its high frequency impedance, since current flows only
on the surface due to skin effect.
12

Hybrid Grounds:
13

• When the signal frequency covers a wide range both


above and below 100 kHz,a hybrid ground may be a
solution.
• A hybrid ground is one in which the system-grounding
configuration behaves differently at different frequencies.
• Figure-1 shows a common type of hybrid ground system
that acts as a single-point ground at low frequency and as
a multipoint ground at high frequency.
• A different type of hybrid ground is shown in Fig. -2. This
hybrid ground, although not very common, can be used
when many equipment enclosures must be grounded to
the power system ground, but it is desirable to have a
single-point signal ground for the circuitry.

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