CHAPTER 7

MULTIPLEXING

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 MULTIPLEXER (MUX)
DEMULTIPLEXER
•(DEMUX)
Multiplexing : set of techniques that allows the
simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a
single data link.

1 path D
3 channels
M E
U M
X U
X
a) No multiplexing
b) Multiplexing

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 MANY TO ONE & ONE TO MANY
• Many-to-one
Many devices (multiple devices) on the left, direct
their transmission streams to a multiplexer
(MUX), which combines them into a single stream.

• One-to-many
At the receiving end, that stream is fed into a
demultiplexer (DEMUX) which separates the stream
back into its component transmission and direct
them to their intended receiving devices.

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 Multiplexer (MUX)
- A device used for multiplexing.
- Modulates/combines signal into a single stream.

 Demultiplexer (DEMUX)
- A device that separates a multiplexed signal into its
original components.
- Decompose/demodulate signals.

 Path : the channel through which a signal travels.

the physical link.

 Channel : a portion of a path that carries a transmission

between a given pair of devices.

 One path can have many (n) channels. 4

 MULTIPLEXING
TECHNIQUES
MULTIPLEXING

(1) (2) (3)

FREQUENCY TIME DIVISION WAVE DIVISION
DIVISION MULTIPLEXING MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING (TDM) (WDM)
(FDM)

(1) (2)
SYNCHRONOUS ASYNCHRONOUS

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FDM (FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING)
 The combining of analog signals into a single signals.
bandwidth of a link > the combined bandwidth of the
signals to be transmitted
The link is sectioned by frequency/channel.

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Guard band
•A bandwidth separating 2 signals.
•Function: keep the modulated signals from
overlapping & interfering with one another.
•Channels are separated by guard bands.

Characteristics
•Each signal modulates in different carrier frequency.
•The modulated carriers are combined to form a new
signal that is then sent across the link.
•Multiplexers modulates & combine signals.
•Demultiplexers decompose & demodulate.

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Purpose of FDM
Find minimum bandwidth (bandwidth of the path).
Find maximum bandwidth (bandwidth for each devices)

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Q1 : Given the following information, find the
minimum bandwidth for the path:
FDM Multiplexing
5 devices, each requiring 4000 Hz
200 Hz guard band for each device

A1 :
Min bandwidth = 5 * 4000 + (5-1)*200
= 20000 + 800
= 20800 Hz
= 20.8 KHz

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Q2 : Given the following information, find the maximum
bandwidth for each signal source:
FDM Multiplexing
Total available bandwidth = 7900 Hz
3 signal sources
A 200 Hz guard band for each device

A1 :
Bandwidth without guard bands
= 7900 – (3-1)*200 = 7500 Hz
Bandwidth for each station = 7500/3
= 2500 Hz
= 2.5 KHz

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TDM (TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING)
• Technique of combining digital signals coming from
low-speed channels to share time on a high-speed
path.
data rate capacity of transmission medium > data rate
required by sending & receiving devices
• The link is sectioned by time rather than frequency.

D
M E
U 3 2 1 M
X U
X

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IMPLEMENTATION OF TDM
SYNCHRONOUS TDM

• A method of TDM in which multiplexing is done on a

fixed, predetermined basis.
• Characteristics:
1.Multiplexer allocates exactly the same time slot to each
devices at all times, whether or not a device has
anything to transmit.
2.If a device is unable to transmit or does not have data to
send, its time slot remains empty.

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 4 inputs

Frame n Frame 2 Frame 1

M ...
U
X
Number of inputs : 4
Number of slots in each frame : 4

 num of slots in each frame depend on num of inputs.

 num of frame depend on the maximum num of
msg/data.

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Example :
Synchronous TDM, multiplexing process

AAAAAA

BBB
M A D A DC A DCBA DCBA DCBA

U
Each device sending different message
CCCC X

DDDDD

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Example :
Synchronous TDM, demultiplexing process

AAAAAA

D
BBB
A D D C A D C B A D C B A D CB A E
M
U CCCC
X
DDDDD

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ASYNCHRONOUS TDM (Statistical TDM)

• A TDM in which link time is allocated dynamically according

to whether a terminal is active or not.
• Characteristics :
1. The total speed of the input lines can be greater than the capacity
of the path.
2.Flexible or not fixed.
5 inputs

Frame n Frame 2 Frame 1

M ...
U
X Number of inputs : 5
Number of slots in each frame : 3

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Example :
Asynchronous TDM Frames

AAAAAA
1

2
M A1A1 E5C3A1 E5C3A1 E5C3A1 E5C3A1
CCCC
3 U
X a) Case 1 : Only 3 lines sending data
4

EEEE
5

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 AAAAAA
1

BBB
2
M A1A1E5 D4C3A1 E5D4C3 B2A1E5 D4C3B2 A1E5D4 C3B2A1
CCCC
3 U
X c) Case 3 : All five lines sending data
DDDD
4

EEEE
5

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