Chapter 1 : MATTER

• 1.1 Atoms and Molecules

• 1.2 Mole Concept
• 1.3 Stoichiometry

1
 1.1
Atoms and molecules

2
 Learning outcomes
At the end of the lesson, you should be ABLE to:

(a) Describe proton, electron and

neutron in terms of mass and charge
(b) Define proton no, nucleon no
and isotope
(c) Write isotopic notation
(d) Define relative atomic mass and
relative molecular mass
(e) Calculate average atomic mass of
an element

3
 Introduction
Matter:
Anything that occupies space and has mass.

Example:
Air, water, animals, trees, atoms

Matter consists of particles: atoms, molecules

or ions.

4
States of Matter
1.1 Atoms and Molecules
Atoms
• An atom is the smallest unit of a chemical
element/compound.

• In an atom, there are three subatomic particles:

- Proton (p)
Packed in a small nucleus
- Neutron (n)
- Electron (e) Move rapidly around the
nucleus of an atom
7
Atomic Structure
(n)

(e)

(p)
 Subatomic Particles
Mass Charge Relative
Particle
(gram) (coulomb) charge
Electron
9.1 x 10-28 -1.6 x 10-19 -1
(e)
Proton
1.67 x 10-24 +1.6 x 10-19 +1
(p)
Neutron
1.67 x 10-24 0 0
(n)
 DEFINITION
• Proton number (Z) :
A number of protons in the atomic
nucleus

• Nucleon number (A) :

The number of protons and neutrons
in the atomic nucleus.
Isotope Notation (symbol)
An atom can be represented by an isotope
notation (atomic symbol) :

Nucleon
number Element
symbol
(can be an
Proton
atom or an
number
ion)

11
Isotope Notation (symbol)
 Nucleon number of
mercury, A = 202 Total charge
on the ion

The number of
neutrons
=A–Z
= 202 – 80
= 122

proton number of
mercury,
Z = 80
* No of e = 80 -2 = 78
Isotopes
• two or more atoms of the same element that have
the same number of protons in their nucleus but
different number of neutrons.

• Examples:

235
2
H (D)
1
200
80 Hg 92 U
3
1 H (T) 200
80 Hg 238
92 U
Ion

Cation Neutral Anion

(+ ion) Atom atom Atom (- ion)
loses e accepts e

Na  Na + +e
Cl + e  Cl-
Z = 11 Z = 11
e = 11 e = 10
Z = 17 Z = 17
e = 17 e = 18
Exercise 1
• Give the number of protons, neutrons, electrons
and charge in each of the following species:

Number of :
Symbol Charge
Proton Neutron Electron
200
80 Hg
63
29 Cu
17
8 O2 
59 3
27 Co
Exercise 1
• Give the number of protons, neutrons, electrons
and charge in each of the following species:

Symbol
Number of :
(notation)
Charge
Proton Neutron Electron
200
80 Hg
63
29 Cu
17
8 O2 
59 3
27 Co
Exercise 2
• Write the appropriate notation for each of the
following nuclide :

Number of :
Notation
Species for nuclide
Proton Neutron Electron
4
A 2 2 2 2 A
3 
B 1 2 0 1 B
2
C 1 1 1 1 C
14 3
D 7 7 10 7 C
 Learning outcomes…..

√ (a) Describe proton, electron and

neutron in terms of mass and charge
(b) Define proton no, nucleon no
√ and isotope

√ (c) Write isotopic notation

(d) Define relative atomic mass and
NEXT…. relative molecular mass
(e) Calculate average atomic mass of
an element

19
 Revise previously….

Atom
The atom is a BASIC UNIT of matter that consists of
a dense, central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of
negatively charged electrons.
Molecule
• A molecule consists of a small number of
atoms joined together by bonds.
 Relative Mass
i. Relative Atomic Mass (Ar)

Average mass of one atom of an element

compared to 1/12 mass of one 12C atom with
the mass 12.000g.

Average mass of one atom of element (amu)

Ar 
1  mass of one atom of 12C (amu)
12

Ar is dimensionless, so no unit..
 Example 1
Determine the relative atomic mass of an element Y if the
ratio of the atomic mass of Y to carbon-12 atom is 0.45.

ANSWER :

Ar = Average mass of one atom of Y

1  Mass of one atom of C - 12
12
= 12 x 0.45
1

= 5.4
ii) Relative Molecular Mass, Mr

• A mass of one molecule of a compound

compared to 1/12 mass of one atom of 12C with
the mass 12.000g.

Mass of one molecule of a substance (amu)

Mr 
1  Mass of one atom of 12C (amu)
12
 The relative molecular mass of a compound is the
summation of the relative atomic masses of all
atoms in a molecular formula.

EXAMPLE 1:

NaOH
Ar of Na = 23.0
Ar of O = 16.0
Ar of H = 1.0
Mr of NaOH= 23.0 + 16.0 + 1.0
= 40
25
Example 2 :

Calculate the relative molecular mass (Mr) of C5H5N.

Answer :
Mr = 5(Ar of C) + 5(Ar of H) + Ar of N
= 5(12.01) + 5(1.01) + 14.01
= 60.05 + 5.05 + 14.01
= 79.11

26
 Learning outcomes…..

√(a) Describe proton, electron and

neutron in terms of mass and charge
(b) Define proton no, nucleon no
√ and isotope

√ (c) Write isotopic notation

√
(d) Define relative atomic mass and
relative molecular mass
(e) Calculate average atomic mass of
NEXT…. an element

27
Device used to measure Ar : Mass Spectrometer
Device used to measure Ar : Mass Spectrometer

Mass Spectrum

matter
 Device used to measure Ar : Mass Spectrometer
Ionisation
Chamber

Acceleration
Magnetic
Vaporisation + Chamber
Chamber
Chamber
- -

Ion Beam

Heated
Vacuum Ion Detector
Filament
Pump

Mass Spectrum
AMPLIFIER

Recorder
Relative abundance (Q)
Mass Spectrum of Magnesium
• The mass spectrum of Mg
shows that Mg consists of
63
3 isotopes : 24Mg, 25Mg
and 26Mg.

9.1 • The height of each line is

8.1
proportional to the
24 25 26 abundance of each
m/e isotope.
(mass, amu)

% • 24Mg is the most abundant

 Ratio m/e = of the three isotopes.
 Fraction mass/charge
How to calculate the average atomic mass
from mass spectrum?

Average ∑ Qi mi amu
atomic =
mass ∑ Qi

Q= the relative / fractional / ratio / percentage

abundance of isotopes of the element in the
mixture

m= the isotopic mass of the element in unit amu or u.

The unit of average atomic mass is amu or u

Example 1
Copper, Cu consists of two isotopes which is 69%
63Cu and 31% 65Cu. The isotopic mass of 63Cu and
65Cu are 62.9 a.m.u and 64.9 a.m.u respectively.

Calculate the average atomic mass of copper.

 69

abundance
Relative

(%)
31

62.9 64.9 m/e (amu)

SOLUTION:

Average ∑ Qi mi
atomic mass = ∑ Qi
= (69 x 62.9 a.m.u) + (31 x 64.9 a.m.u)
69 + 31
= 63.52 a.m.u
 Example 2
Given below is a mass spectrum of rubidium element, Rb.

abundance
18
Relative
7
m/e
85 87 (amu)

a. What isotopes are present in Rb?

b. What is the percentage abundance of each
isotope?
c. Calculate the relative atomic mass (Ar) of Rb.
SOLUTION

abundance
Relative
18
7
m/e
85 87 (amu)

(a) 85Rb and 87Rb

(b) % abundance 85Rb

= 18 X 100 = 72%
(18+7)
% abundance 85Rb
= 7 X 100 = 28%
(18+7)

36
 CONTINUE SOLUTION

Qi M i
C. Average mass of Rb 
Qi
(18x85)  (7 x87)

25
 85.56 amu
85.56 amu
A r of Rb 
1 x12.00 amu
12
 85.56
 Example 3
The ratio of relative abundance of naturally occurring of chlorine
isotopes is as follow :

35
Cl
37
 3.127
Cl
Based on the carbon-12 scale, the relative isotopic mass of
35Cl = 34.9689 and 37Cl = 36.9659. Calculate the Ar of chlorine.
SOLUTION
35Cl = 3.127
37Cl 1

3.127
Abundance, Q
Relative

35Cl
1
37Cl

34.9689 36.9659 m/e (amu)

CONTINUE SOLUTION

Average ∑ Qi mi
atomic =
mass ∑ Qi
= (3.127 x 34.9689 amu) + (1 x 36.9659 amu)
3.127 + 1
= 35.4528 amu

Relative
atomic = 35.4528 amu = 35.4528
mass 1 x 12.00 amu
12
Example 4
6 7 Li
The relative atomic mass of 3 Li and
3
are 6.01 and 7.02 respectively.

What is the percentage abundance of each

isotope if the relative atomic mass of Li is
6.94?
SOLUTION

Abundance , Q x%
(100-x) %
Relative

6 Li
(%)
3
7 Li
3
6.01 7.02
m/e (amu)
CONTINUE SOLUTION

Assume that,
% abundance of 6Li = x %
% abundance of 7Li = (100-x) %

6.94 = x (6.01amu) + (100 – x) 7.02amu

(x) + (100 – x)
6.94 = 6.01 x + 702 – 7.02 x
100
694 - 702 = -1.01 x
+8 = +1.01 x
x = 7.92

So, % abundance of 6Li = 7.92 %

And % abundance of 7Li = 100-x = 92.08 %