Lecture 11

Hybrid intelligent systems:

Neural expert systems and neuro-fuzzy systems
 Introduction
 Neural expert systems
 Neuro-fuzzy systems
 ANFIS: Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference
System
 Summary
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 Introduction
 A hybrid intelligent system is one that combines
at least two intelligent technologies. For example,
combining a neural network with a fuzzy system
results in a hybrid neuro-fuzzy system.
 The combination of probabilistic reasoning, fuzzy
logic, neural networks and evolutionary
computation forms the core of soft computing, an
emerging approach to building hybrid intelligent
systems capable of reasoning and learning in an
uncertain and imprecise environment.
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 Although words are less precise than numbers,
precision carries a high cost. We use words
when there is a tolerance for imprecision. Soft
computing exploits the tolerance for uncertainty
and imprecision to achieve greater tractability and
robustness, and lower the cost of solutions.
 We also use words when the available data is
not precise enough to use numbers. This is
often the case with complex problems, and
while “hard” computing fails to produce any
solution, soft computing is still capable of
finding good solutions.
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 Lotfi Zadeh is reputed to have said that a good
hybrid would be “British Police, German
Mechanics, French Cuisine, Swiss
Banking and Italian Love”. But
“British Cuisine, German Police,
French Mechanics, Italian Banking and
Swiss Love” would be a bad one. Likewise, a
hybrid intelligent system can be
good or bad – it depends on which
components constitute the hybrid.
So our goal is to select the right
components for building a good hybrid system.
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Comparison of Expert Systems, Fuzzy Systems,
Neural Networks and Genetic Algorithms
ES FS NN GA
Knowledge representation
Uncertainty tolerance
Imprecision tolerance
Adaptability
Learning ability
Explanation ability
Knowledge discovery and data mining
Maintainability
* The terms used for grading are:
- bad, - rather bad, - rather good and - good
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 Neural expert systems
 Expert systems rely on logical inferences and
decision trees and focus on modelling human
reasoning. Neural networks rely on parallel data
processing and focus on modelling a human
brain.
 Expert systems treat the brain as a black-box.
Neural networks look at its structure and
functions, particularly at its ability to learn.
 Knowledge in a rule-based expert system is
represented by IF-THEN production rules.
Knowledge in neural networks is stored as
synaptic weights between neurons.
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 In expert systems, knowledge can be divided into
individual rules and the user can see and
understand the piece of knowledge
applied by the system.
 In neural networks, one cannot select a single
synaptic weight as a discrete piece of
knowledge. Here knowledge is
embedded in the entire network; it
cannot be broken into individual
pieces, and any change of a synaptic weight may
lead to unpredictable results. A
neural network is, in fact, a black-
box for its user.
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Can we combine advantages of expert systems
and neural networks to create a
more powerful and effective
expert system?
A hybrid system that combines a neural network
and a rule-based expert system is called a neural
expert system (or a connectionist expert
system).

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Basic structure of a neural expert system
Training Data

Neural Knowledge Base Rule Extraction

New
Data Rule: IF - THE N

I nference E n gine

Explanation Facilities

User Interface

User

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The heart of a neural expert system is the
inference engine. It controls the
information flow in the system
and initiates inference over the
neural knowledge base. A neural inference
engine also ensures approximate
reasoning.

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 Approximate reasoning
 In a rule-based expert system, the inference engine
compares the condition part of each rule with data
given in the database. When the IF part of the rule
matches the data in the database, the rule is
fired and its THEN part is executed. The
precise matching is required (inference engine
cannot cope with noisy or incomplete data).
 Neural expert systems use a trained neural network in
place of the knowledge base. The input data
does not have to precisely match the data that
was used in network training. This ability is
called approximate reasoning.
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 Rule extraction
 Neurons in the network are connected by links,
each of which has a numerical weight
attached to it.
 The weights in a trained neural network determine
the strength or importance of the
associated neuron inputs.

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 The neural knowledge base
Wings
+1 -0.8
Rule 1 Bird
1.0
Tail -1.6 -0.7 +1
0 -0.2
-0.1
-1.1
Beak Rule 2 Plane
+1 2.2 1.0
0.0 1
-1.0
Feathers 2.8
+1 -1.6
-2.9 Rule 3 Glider
-1.1 1.9 1.0 1
Engine
1
-1.3

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If we set each input of the input layer to either +1
(true), 1 (false), or 0 (unknown), we can give a
semantic interpretation for the activation of
any output neuron. For example, if the object has
Wings (+1), Beak (+1) and Feathers (+1),
but does not have Engine (1), then we
can conclude that this object is Bird (+1):

X Rule 1  1  (0.8)  0  (0.2)  1  2.2  1  2.8  (1)  (1.1)  5.3  0

YRule 1  YBird  1

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We can similarly conclude that this object is not
Plane:
X Rule 2  1 (0.7)  0  ( 0.1)  1  0.0  1 ( 1.6)  ( 1) 1.9  4.2  0
YRule 2  YPlane  1

and not Glider:

X Rule 3  1 (0.6)  0  (1.1)  1 (1.0)  1 (2.9)  (1)  (1.3)  4.2  0

YRule 3  YGlider  1

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By attaching a corresponding question to each input
neuron, we can enable the system to prompt the user
for initial values of the input variables:

Neuron: Wings
Question: Does the object have
wings? Neuron: Tail
Question: Does the object
have a tail? Neuron: Beak
Question: Does the
object have a beak? Neuron:
Feathers
Question: Does the object have feathers?
Neuron: Engine
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Does the Intelligence
to Computer object have an engine? 16
An inference can be made if the known net
weighted input to a neuron is greater
than the sum of the absolute
values of the weights of the
unknown inputs.
n n
 xi wi   w j
i 1 j 1

where i known, j known and n is the number

of neuron inputs.

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Example:
Enter initial value for the input Feathers:
+1
KNOWN = 12.8 = 2.8
UNKNOWN = 0.8+ 0.2+
2.2+ 1.1= 4.3 KNOWN UNKNOWN
Enter initial value for the input Beak:
+1
KNOWN = 12.8 + 12.2 = 5.0
UNKNOWN =
0.8+ 0.2+ 1.1= 2.1
CONCLUDE: Bird is TRUE
KNOWN
UNKNOWN
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An example of a multi-layer knowledge base
Rule 1: Rule 5:
IF a1 AND a3 THEN b1 (0.8) IF a5 THEN b3 (0.6)
Rule 2: Rule 6:
IF a1 AND a4 THEN b1 (0.2) IF b1 AND b3 THEN c1 (0.7)
Rule 3: Rule 7:
IF a2 AND a5 THEN b2 (-0.1 ) IF b2 THEN c1 (0.1)
Rule 4: Rule 8:
IF a3 AND a4 THEN b3 (0.9) IF b2 AND b3 THEN c2 (0.9)
Input Conjunction Disjunction Conjunction Disjunction
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer
1.0
a1 R1
0.8
1.0

0.2 1.0 R6
a2 1.0 R2 b1 0.7

1.0 c1
0.1
-0.1 1.0 R7
a3 1.0 R3 b2
1.0
1.0 1.0 0.9
c2
1.0 0.9 1.0
a4 R4 b3 R8
1.0
1.0 0.6
a5 R5

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 Neuro-fuzzy systems
 Fuzzy logic and neural networks are natural
complementary tools in building intelligent
systems. While neural networks
are low-level computational
structures that perform well when
dealing with raw data, fuzzy logic deals with
reasoning on a higher level, using
linguistic information acquired
from domain experts.
However, fuzzy systems lack the ability
to learn and cannot adjust
themselves to a new
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environment. On the other hand,
A Guide to Computer Intelligence 20
 Integrated neuro-fuzzy systems can combine the
parallel computation and learning
abilities of neural networks with
the human-like knowledge
representation and explanation abilities of fuzzy
systems. As a result, neural networks
become more transparent, while
fuzzy systems become capable of
learning.

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 A neuro-fuzzy system is a neural network which
is functionally equivalent to a fuzzy
inference model. It can be
trained to develop IF-THEN
fuzzy rules and determine membership functions
for input and output variables of
the system. Expert knowledge
can be incorporated into the
structure of the neuro-fuzzy system. At the same
time, the connectionist structure
avoids fuzzy inference, which
entails a substantial computational
burden.
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 The structure of a neuro-fuzzy system is similar
to a multi-layer neural network. In
general, a neuro-fuzzy system
has input and output layers,
and three hidden layers that represent
membership functions and fuzzy rules.

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 Neuro-fuzzy system
L ayer 1 L ayer 2 L ayer 3 L ayer 4 L ayer 5

A1 A1 R1
x1 R1

x1 x1
A2  R2
x1 A2 R2
wR3 C1
C1
A3 A3 R3 R3 wR
y
wR1 
B1 B1 R4 R4 wR2
x2 C2
wR4
C2
B2 R5 wR5
x2 x2
B2 R5
x2
R6
B3
B3 R6
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Each layer in the neuro-fuzzy system is associated
with a particular step in the fuzzy inference
process.
Layer 1 is the input layer. Each neuron in this layer

transmits external crisp signals directly to the

next (1)
yi  (1)
xi
layer. That is,
Layer 2 is the fuzzification layer. Neurons in this
layer represent fuzzy sets used in the
antecedents of fuzzy rules. A
fuzzification neuron receives a crisp
input and determines the degree to which
this input belongs to the neuron’s fuzzy set.
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The activation function of a membership neuron is
set to the function that specifies the
neuron’s fuzzy set. We use
triangular sets, and therefore, the
activation functions for the neurons in Layer 2 are
set to the triangular membership
functions. A triangular membership
function can be specified by two
 b
parameters {a0,, b} as follows: ( 2)
if xi  a 
2

 2 xi( 2 )  a
 b b
yi( 2 )  1  , if a   xi( 2)  a 
 b 2 2
 ( 2) b
0, if xi  a 
2

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 Triangular activation functions
 
1 1
a = 4, b = 6 a = 4.5, b = 6 a = 4, b = 6
0.8 0.8
a = 4, b = 4
0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
X 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
X

(a) Effect of parameter a. (b) Effect of parameter b.

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Layer 3 is the fuzzy rule layer. Each neuron in this
layer corresponds to a single fuzzy rule. A
fuzzy rule neuron receives inputs
from the fuzzification neurons that
represent fuzzy sets in the rule
antecedents. For instance, neuron R1, which
corresponds to Rule 1, receives inputs from
neurons A1 and B1.
In a neuro-fuzzy system, intersection can be
implemented by the product operator.
Thus,
( 3)
the
(3) (3)
output of neuron i in Layer 3
(3) y (3)      
 x1i as:
yisi obtained x2i  . ..  xki R1 A1 B1 R1

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Layer 4 is the output membership layer. Neurons
in this layer represent fuzzy sets
used in the consequent of fuzzy
rules.
An output membership neuron combines all its
inputs by using the fuzzy
operation union. This
operation can be implemented (
by
4 )
the
yi( 4) probabilistic
x1(i4)  x2( 4i )  OR ( 4)
... . xThat
li
yC1   R 3   R 6  C1
is,

The value of C1 represents the integrated firing

strength of fuzzy rule neurons R3 and
R6
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Layer 5 is the defuzzification layer. Each neuron
in this layer represents a single
output of the neuro-fuzzy
system. It takes the output fuzzy sets
clipped by the respective
integrated firing
strengths and combines them into
a single fuzzy
set.

Neuro-fuzzy systems can apply standard

defuzzification
methods, including the centroid
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The sum-product composition calculates the crisp
output as the weighted average of the
centroids of all output
membership functions. For example, the
weighted average of the centroids of the clipped
fuzzy sets C1 and C2 is calculated as,
C 1  aC1  bC1  C 2 aC 2  bC 2
y
C1  bC1  C 2  bC 2

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How does a neuro-fuzzy system learn?

A neuro-fuzzy system is essentially a multi-layer

neural network, and thus it can apply
standard learning algorithms
developed for neural networks, including
the back-propagation algorithm.

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 When a training input-output example is presented
to the system, the back-
propagation algorithm
computes the system output and compares it
with the desired
output of the training example. The
error is propagated backwards
through the network
from the output layer to the input layer. The
neuron activation
functions are modified as the
error is propagated. To determine
the necessary modifications, the
back-propagation algorithm
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differentiates the activation functions of
 Training patterns

0
1

0
0

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The data set is used for training the five-rule neuro-
fuzzy system shown below.
Five-rule neuro-fuzzy system
S 1
x1 1 wR1
x2 0.9 9 w R5
0.8
L 2 0
S y 0.6
wR3 wR4
3 0.72 
L 0.4
0.61
S 4
x2 0.2 wR2
0.79
L 5 0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Epoch

(a) Five-rule system. (b) Training for 50 epochs.

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 Suppose that fuzzy IF-THEN rules incorporated
into the system structure are
supplied by a domain
expert. Prior or existing knowledge can
dramatically expedite the system training.
 Besides, if the quality of training data is poor, the
expert knowledge may be the only way to
come to a solution at all. However, experts do
occasionally make mistakes, and thus some rules
used in a neuro-fuzzy system may be false or
redundant. Therefore, a
neuro-fuzzy system
should also be capable of identifying
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 Given input and output linguistic values, a neuro-
fuzzy system can automatically generate a
complete set of fuzzy IF-THEN rules.
 Let us create the system for the XOR example.
This system consists of 22 2 = 8
rules. Because
expert knowledge is not embodied
in the system
this time, we set all initial
weights between Layer 3 and Layer
4 to 0.5.
 After training we can eliminate all rules whose
certainty factors are less than some
sufficiently
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small number, say37
 Eight-rule neuro-fuzzy system
1 0.8
S 0 wR2 wR8
x1 0.7
2 0.78
3
0.6 wR3 wR5
L 0.69 S
0.5
4 y
0
 0.4
5 0.62
0.3 wR6 & wR7
S 6 0 L
0.2
x2 0 wR1
7 0.1
0.80 wR4
L 8 0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Epoch

(a) Eight-rule system.

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 Neuro-fuzzy systems: summary
 The combination of fuzzy logic and neural
networks constitutes a powerful means for
designing intelligent
systems.
 Domain knowledge can be put into a neuro-fuzzy
system by human experts in the
form of linguistic variables
and fuzzy rules.
 When a representative set of examples is available,
a neuro-fuzzy system can
automatically transform
it into a robust set of fuzzy IF-THEN
rules, and
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