CHAPTER-I

FUNDAMENTALS
OF
PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGE
KNOWLEDGE
ABOUT
LANGUAGES
 LANGUAGES
 Representation of expressions through

symbols and phonetics.

 Syntax of language is how to write symbols

in meaningful manner.
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 Semantics of language is meaning of

the syntax .

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TYPES OF LANGUAGES

 NATURAL LANGUAGE
Language that human can understand.

 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
Language that are used for
programming the computer

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CLASSIFICATION OF
PROGRAMING LANGUAGES

Programming Language

Low Level Middle Level High Level

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LOW LEVEL LANGUAGES
 Machine Language:
Language which uses the binary
digits i.e. 0 or 1.

 Assembly Language:
Language which uses mnemonics.
E.g. add c..

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 Machine dependent.

 Difficult for human’s to understand.

 Difficult to debug.

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 Difficult to write programs

 Fast in execution.

E.g. Assembly language.

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HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE

 Easily understand by human beings

 Easy to debug

 Easy to write programs

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 Require compiler or interpreter for
translation.

 Slow in execution
e.g. PASCAL, FORTRAN etc.

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MIDDLE LEVEL LANGUAGE

 Easily understand by human beings

 Easy to debug

 Easy to write programs

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 Require compiler or interpreter for
translation

 Fast in execution
e.g. C, C++

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CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES
BASED ON APPROACH USED
 Procedure -Oriented Programming
languages
e.g. PASCAL,C etc.

 Object-Oriented Programming Languages

e.g. C++,JAVA etc.

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 PROCEDURE ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

 Emphasis is on doing things(algorithms).

 Large program are divided into smaller

programs known as functions.

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 Most of the functions share global data.

 Data move openly from function to

function.

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  Functions transform data from one form to
another.

 Employs top-down approach in program

design.

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 OBJECT
ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING
PARADIGM
OBJECT ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING PARADIGM
 Emphasis is on data rather than procedure.

 Programs are divided into what are known

as objects.

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 Data structure are designed such that they
characterize the objects

 Function that operate on data of an object

are tied together in the data structure.

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  Data is hidden and cannot be accessed by
external functions

 Objects can communicate with each other

through functions.

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  New data and functions can be easily added
whenever necessary.

 Follows bottom-up approach in program

design.

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 CONCEPTS
OF
OBJECT
ORIENTED
LANGUAGES
CONCEPTS OF OBJECT-
ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
 Objects

 Classes

 Data Abstraction

 Data Encapsulation

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 Inheritance

 Polymorphism

 Dynamic Binding

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OBJECTS

 Objects are the basic run time entities in

an object-oriented system. They may

represent a person, a place, a bank account,

a table of data or any item that the program

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 must handle.Program objects should be

chosen such that they match closely with

real world objects.

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CLASSES

 Objects contain data and code to

manipulate that data. The entire set of data

and code of an object can be made a user-

defined data type with the help of class. In

fact objects are variable of type class. Once

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 a class has been defined, we can create any

number of objects belonging to the class.Thus

a class is a collection of objects of similar

type.

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 ENCAPSULATION

 The wrapping of data and function

into a single unit(called class) is known as

encapsulation. The data is not accessible to

the outside world and only those functions

which are wrapped in the class can access it.

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 This insulation of the data from direct

access by the program is called

data hiding.

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DATA ABSTRACTION

 Abstraction refers to the act of

representing essential features without

including the background details. Classes

uses concept of abstraction and are defined

as a list of abstract attributes such as size,

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 weight and cost and functions to operate on

these attributes.Since classes use the

concept of data abstraction, they are known

as Abstract Data Types(ADT) .

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INHERITANCE

 Inheritance is the process by which

objects of one class acquire the properties of

objects of another class. It supports the

concept of hierarchical classification.

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 In OOP, concept of inheritance provides

the idea of reusability. This means that we

can add additional features to an existing

class without modifying it.

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POLYMORPHISM

 Polymorphism means ability to

take more than one form. For example, an

operation may exhibit different behaviour in

different instances.Polymorphism is

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 extensively used in implementing

inheritance.

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DYNAMIC BINDING

 Binding refers to the linking of a

procedure call to the code to be executed in

response to the call. Dynamic binding

means that the code associated with a given

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 procedure call is not known until the time

of the call at run-time. It is associated with

inheritance and polymorphism.

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MESSAGE
COMMUNICATION
An object - oriented program consists of a set
of objects that communicate with each
other.The process of programming in an
object -oriented language therefore involves
the following basic steps :
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 Creating classes that define objects and

their behavior.

 Creating objects from class definitions.

 Establishing communication among objects.

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BENEFITS OF OOP

 Through inheritance, we can eliminate

redundant code and extend use of existing

classes.

 Build programs from standard working

modules that communicate with

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 one -another.

 The principle of data hiding helps

programmer to build secure programs .

 It is possible tot have multiple instances of

an object to co-exist without any

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 interference.

 It is possible to map objects in the problem

domain to those objects in the program.

 It is possible to partition the work in a

project based on objects. .

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 Object-oriented systems can be easily

upgraded from small to large systems

 Software complexity can be easily managed

 The data-centred design approach enables

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 us to capture more details of a model in

implementable form.

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Virtual Function

 A function qualified by virtual keyword.

When virtual function is called via a
pointer, the class of the object pointed to
determine which function definition will be
used.
 Virtual functions implement polymorphism.
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Visibility

 The ability of on object to be a server to

another.

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