ASME Pressure Vessels

An Introduction to ASME
Section VIII Div. 1 : Pressure Vessels

DESIGN CALCULATIONS
Bureau Veritas’ Presentation
30th & 31st October 2006
PRESENTED BY:
Attoor Kalidas
Technical Center Operations Manager
For the benefit of business and people

1 Overview
2 Thickness of Shells Under
Internal Pressure
CONTENTS 3 Thickness of Shells Under
External Pressure
4 Ligament Efficiency
5 Formed Heads, Pressure on
Concave Side
6 Formed Heads, Pressure on
Convex Side
7 Unstayed Flat Heads &
Covers
8 Reinforcement Required in
shells & Formed Heads
9 Weld Attachments
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1 BUREAU VERITAS OVERVIEW
ABU DHABI
The following sections of PART UG deals with the design of Pressure Vessels:
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THICKNESS OF SHELLS UNDER INTERNAL
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References: UG-27
Cylindrical Shells:
The MAWP or minimum thickness of cylindrical shells shall be greater of the

following as given below:
(1) Based on Circumferential Stress;
t = PR/(SE – 0.6P) Or P = SE t / (R + 0.6 t)
(2) Based on Longitudinal Stress;
t = PR/(2SE + 0.4P) Or P = 2SE t / (R - 0.4 t)
Spherical Shells:
The MAWP or minimum thickness of spherical shells as given below:
t = PR/(2SE – 0.2P) Or P = 2SE t / (R + 0.2 t)
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2 BUREAU VERITAS
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Where;
P = maximum allowable pressure, psi

R = inside radius of the shell course under consideration, in
t = minimum required thickness, in
S = maximum allowable stress (UG-23 & UG-24), psi
E = joint efficiency (joints or ligaments) See UW-12 for welded vessels
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Sample Problem 1:
Find the MAWP of 16” inside diameter shell. This vessel is subjected to internal
pressure and will operate at a temperature of 700 deg.F. The shell is seamless
carbon steel and has an allowable value of 16600 psi. Its wall thickness is
0.406”. No corrosion is anticipated.
Given:
P=?
t = 0.406”
R = 8”
S = 16600 psi
E = 1.0
According to UG-27,
P = SE t / (R + 0.6 t) = 16600 x 1.0 x 0.406 / (8 + 0.6 x 0.406)

= 817.556 psi
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2 BUREAU VERITAS
ABU DHABI PRESSURE
Sample Problem 2:
Find the required thickness for the cylindrical shell designed for working
pressure of 100 psi. The shell inside radius is 2’-0”. The longitudinal joint is
Category A (UW-3), Type-1 – no radiography was performed. The shell is made
of SA 516 Gr.60 carbon steel rolled plate with an allowable stress of 15000 psi.
Given:
P = 100 psi
t= ?
R = 24”
S = 15000 psi
E = 0.7 (see Table UW-12)
According to UG-27,
t = PR/(SE - 0.6P) = 100 x 24 / (15000 x 0.7 - 0.6 x 100)

= 2400 / 10440
= 0.2298”
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THICKNESS OF SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL
3 BUREAU VERITAS
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References: UG-27
The minimum thickness of shell under external pressure shall be

determined by the following procedure given in the section. Different
charts to be referred to for cylinders having Do/t ratio > 10 and Do/t ratio <
10.
Cylinders with Do/t > 10
Step-1: Assume ‘t’ and determine ratios L/Do & Do/t.

Step-2: Enter L/Do in Fig. G in subpart 3 of Section II.
Step-3: Move horizontally to the line of Do/t as obtained in Step-1. Move
vertically down & obtain Factor A.
Step-4: Using the value of Factor A, enter applicable material chart in
Subpart 3, Section II, Part-D and find the intersection of material-
temperature line.
Step-5: From above intersection move horizontally to the right and find B
value.
Step-6: using this B value, calculate the maximum allowable external
pressure, Pa using the formula:
Pa = 4B / 3(Do/t)
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3 BUREAU VERITAS
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Sample Problem 3:
A vessel is operating under an external pressure of 250 psi. The operating
temperature is 500 deg.F. The outside diameter of the vessel is 40”. Its
length is 70”. The vessel’s wall thickness is 1.25” and material SA 515-70.
Does this thickness meet code requirement?
Given;
P = 250 psi
Temp = 500 deg. F
t = 1.25”
L = 70”
D0 = 40”
Step-1 ; D0 /t = 40”/1.25 = 32 > 10, L/D0 = 70/40 = 1.75
Step-2: Enter 1.75 on Factor-A chart.
Step-3: Move horizontally to the curve D0 / t =32 and move down to obtain
Factor-A as 0.0025.
Step-4: Using Factor-A = 0.0025, enter on Factor-B chart on bottom. Move
vertically to meet temperature line 500 deg.F.
Step-5: Move horizontally to find out Factor-B value as 13000.
Step-6: Use the above value in formula & find out external pressure
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3 BUREAU VERITAS
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Pa = 4B / 3(Do/t)
Pa = 4 x 13000 / 3 x 32 = 541.66 psi
541.66 psi > 250 psi. Hence the answer is YES.
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3 BUREAU VERITAS
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Where;
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4 BUREAU VERITAS LIGAMENT EFFICIENCY
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Ligament efficiency:
If pitch of the tubes in each row is equal (see Figure below),
Then the formula is,
E = (p – d) / p
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If pitch of the tubes in any row is unequal (see Figure below),
then the formula is,
E = (p1– nd) / p1
Where,
p = pitch, or longitudinal distances between holes, in
d = tube hole diameter, in
p1 = length selected to include all variations in pitches, in
n = number of tube holes in selected length
The ASME code covers methods for finding efficiency of diagonal ligaments
by using charts.
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If pitch of the tubes in any row is unequal (see Figure below),
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FORMED HEADS, PRESSURE ON CONCAVE
5 BUREAU VERITAS
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References: UG-32
Ellipsoidal Heads:
The MAWP or minimum thickness of Ellipsoidal Head is as given below:
t = PD / (2SE – 0.2P) Or P = 2SE t / (D + 0.2t)
Torrispherical Heads:
The MAWP or minimum thickness of Torrispherical Head is as given below:
t = 0.885PL / (SE – 0.1P) Or P = SE t / (0.885L + 0.1t)
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Hemispherical Heads:
t = PL / (2SE – 0.2P) Or P = 2SE t / (L + 0.2t)
Conical Heads:
t = PD / 2 Cos(A) (SE – 0.6P) Or P = 2SE t Cos(A)/ (0.885L + 0.1t)
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Where;
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FORMED HEADS, PRESSURE ON CONVEX
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Sample Problem 3:
Find the thickness of hemispherical, Ellipsoidal & Torispherical heads with the
data given below;
P = 100 psi
S = 17500 psi
E = 0.85 for spot RT of hemispherical head joint to shell
E = 1.0 for seamless heads (ellipsoidal & torispherical heads)
L = 48” for the inside spherical radius for the hemispherical head
L = 96” for the inside crown radius of the torispherical head
OD = 96” for the torispherical head
D = 96” inside diameter of the ellipsoidal and hemispherical heads
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Elliptical Head
t = PD / (2SE – 0.2P)
t = 100 x 96 / ( 2 x 17500 x 1.0 – 0.2 x 100) = 0.274’’
Hemispherical Head
t = PL / (2SE – 0.2P)
t = 100 x 48 / ( 2 x 17500 x 0.85 – 0.2 x 100) = 0.161’’
Torispherical (or F&D) Head
t = 0.885PL / (SE – 0.1P)

t = 0.885 x 100 x 96 / ( 17500 x 1.0 – 0.1 x 100) = 0.486’’
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Elliptical Head
P = 100 psi
S = 17500 psi
E = 0.85 for spot RT of hemispherical head joint to shell
E = 1.0 for seamless heads (ellipsoidal & torispherical heads)
L = 48” for the inside spherical radius for the hemispherical head
L = 96” for the inside crown radius of the torispherical head
OD = 96” for the torispherical head
D = 96” inside diameter of the ellipsoidal and hemispherical heads
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6 BUREAU VERITAS
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References: UG-33
The calculation of minimum thickness required on heads with pressure on

convex side is very similar to that of shell with external pressure.
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7 BUREAU VERITAS UNSTAYED FLAT HEADS & COVERS
ABU DHABI
1) The minimum required thickness of a flat un-stayed circular heads, covers, and
blind flanges shall be calculated as (see UG-3.4, Equation (1)):
t = d x SQRT [(CP)/SE]
2) The minimum required thickness of a flat un-stayed circular heads, covers, and
blind flanges when they are attached with bolts (considering the edge moments)
shall be calculated as (see UG-34, Equation (2)):
t = d x SQRT [(CP)/SE + (1.9Whg/SEd3)]
3) The minimum required thickness of a flat un-stayed heads, covers, and blind
flanges which are non circular (eg. Square, Rectangular, Elliptical, Obround etc..)
shall be calculated as (see UG-34, Equation (3)):
t = d x SQRT [ (ZCP)/SE ]
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7 BUREAU VERITAS UNSTAYED FLAT HEADS & COVERS
ABU DHABI
4) The minimum required thickness of a flat un-stayed heads, covers, and blind
flanges which are non circular (eg. Square, Rectangular, Elliptical, Obround etc.)
and when they are attached with bolts (considering the edge moments) shall be
calculated as (see UG-34, Equation 4):
t = d x SQRT [(ZCP)/SE + (6Whg/SELd2)]
Where
d = diameter, or short span measured as indicated in Fig. PG-31, in
C = a factor depending on the method of attachment ( See PG-31.4 & Fig PG-31)
t = minimum required thickness, in
S = maximum allowable stress, psi
P = maximum allowable working pressure, psi
W =total bolt load (see PG-31.3.2), lbs
hg = gasket moment arm, in
L = perimeter of the non-circular bolted head measured along the centers of the
bolt holes, in
Z = a factor for non-circular heads depending on ratio of long span to short span,
dimensionless (not exceeding 2.5)
E = joint efficiency
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REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED IN SHELLS AND
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FORMED HEADS
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References: UG-36, UG-37, UG-40, UG-41, UG-42
Part UG-37 provides the following:
Area Required
Notations
Nomenclature & Formulas
Representative Configurations
Chart for F values
See below copy of the FIG UG-37.1 for calculation of Area Required and Area
Available for two cases namely;
 For nozzle wall inserted through the vessel wall

 For nozzle wall abutting the vessel wall
The FIG UG-37.1 also provides the limits of reinforcement measured parallel to
the wall and plane normal to the vessel wall.
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8 BUREAU VERITAS
FORMED HEADS
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FIG UG-37.1 NOMENCLATURE & FORMULAS FOR REINFORCED OPENINGS
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FORMED HEADS
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8 BUREAU VERITAS
FORMED HEADS
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8 BUREAU VERITAS
FORMED HEADS
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FORMED HEADS
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8 BUREAU VERITAS
FORMED HEADS
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FIG. UG-37 CHART FOR DETERMINING VALUE OF ‘F’
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9 BUREAU VERITAS WELD ATTACHMENTS
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References: UG-41
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References: UW-16
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References: Table UW-12
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THANK YOU
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What are the formulas used to calculate the thickness of cylindrical and spherical shells under internal pressure?

What are the formulas used to calculate the thickness of cylindrical and spherical shells under internal pressure?

What factors are considered when calculating the minimum required thickness of unstayed flat heads, covers, and blind flanges?

What factors are considered when calculating the minimum required thickness of unstayed flat heads, covers, and blind flanges?

An Introduction to ASME

Section VIII Div. 1 : Pressure Vessels

Bureau Veritas’ Presentation

30th & 31st October 2006

For the benefit of business and people

The MAWP or minimum thickness of cylindrical shells shall be greater of the

(1) Based on Circumferential Stress;

t = PR/(SE – 0.6P) Or P = SE t / (R + 0.6 t)

(2) Based on Longitudinal Stress;

t = PR/(2SE + 0.4P) Or P = 2SE t / (R - 0.4 t)

The MAWP or minimum thickness of spherical shells as given below:

t = PR/(2SE – 0.2P) Or P = 2SE t / (R + 0.2 t)

P = maximum allowable pressure, psi

P = SE t / (R + 0.6 t) = 16600 x 1.0 x 0.406 / (8 + 0.6 x 0.406)

t = PR/(SE - 0.6P) = 100 x 24 / (15000 x 0.7 - 0.6 x 100)

The minimum thickness of shell under external pressure shall be

Cylinders with Do/t > 10

Step-1: Assume ‘t’ and determine ratios L/Do & Do/t.

Pa = 4 x 13000 / 3 x 32 = 541.66 psi

541.66 psi > 250 psi. Hence the answer is YES.

If pitch of the tubes in each row is equal (see Figure below),

Then the formula is,

If pitch of the tubes in any row is unequal (see Figure below),

then the formula is,

If pitch of the tubes in any row is unequal (see Figure below),

The MAWP or minimum thickness of Ellipsoidal Head is as given below:

t = PD / (2SE – 0.2P) Or P = 2SE t / (D + 0.2t)

The MAWP or minimum thickness of Torrispherical Head is as given below:

t = 0.885PL / (SE – 0.1P) Or P = SE t / (0.885L + 0.1t)

The MAWP or minimum thickness of Torrispherical Head is as given below:

t = PL / (2SE – 0.2P) Or P = 2SE t / (L + 0.2t)

The MAWP or minimum thickness of Torrispherical Head is as given below:

t = PD / 2 Cos(A) (SE – 0.6P) Or P = 2SE t Cos(A)/ (0.885L + 0.1t)

Torispherical (or F&D) Head

t = 0.885PL / (SE – 0.1P)

The calculation of minimum thickness required on heads with pressure on

t = d x SQRT [(CP)/SE + (1.9Whg/SEd3)]

t = d x SQRT [(ZCP)/SE + (6Whg/SELd2)]

References: UG-36, UG-37, UG-40, UG-41, UG-42

Part UG-37 provides the following:

 For nozzle wall inserted through the vessel wall

FIG UG-37.1 NOMENCLATURE & FORMULAS FOR REINFORCED OPENINGS

FIG. UG-37 CHART FOR DETERMINING VALUE OF ‘F’

References: Table UW-12

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