Ancient Egyptian Art

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Introduction to Ancient Egyptian Art
Ancient Egyptian
Art
The Early Dynastic Period
The Old Kingdom
The Middle Kingdom
The New Kingdom
Ancient Egyptian Art
Late Egyptian Art
Ancient Egyptian
Art
(continued)
Ancient Egyptian Art > Introduction to Ancient Egyptian Art
Introduction to Ancient Egyptian Art

• Introduction to Ancient Egyptian Art
www.boundless.com/art-history/textbooks/boundless-art-history-textbook/ancient-egyptian-art-4/introduction-to-ancient-egyptian-art-53/
Ancient Egyptian Art > The Early Dynastic Period
The Early Dynastic Period

• Art in the Early Dynastic Period
• Architecture of the Early Dynastic Period
• Painting of the Early Dynastic Period
• Sculpture of the Early Dynastic Period
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Ancient Egyptian Art > The Old Kingdom
The Old Kingdom

• The Pyramids of the Old Kingdom
• Sculpture of the Old Kingdom
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Ancient Egyptian Art > The Middle Kingdom
The Middle Kingdom

• Sculpture of the Middle Kingdom
• Tombs of the Middle Kingdom
• Stelae of the Middle Kingdom
• Architecture of the Middle Kingdom
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Ancient Egyptian Art > The New Kingdom
The New Kingdom

• Architecture of the New Kingdom
• The Book of the Dead
• Sculpture of the New Kingdom
• Painting of the New Kingdom
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Ancient Egyptian Art > Late Egyptian Art
Late Egyptian Art

• Late Egyptian Art
• Art and Architecture in the Kingdom of Kush
• Egyptian Art After Alexander the Great
www.boundless.com/art-history/textbooks/boundless-art-history-textbook/ancient-egyptian-art-4/late-egyptian-art-58/
Appendix
Key terms
• Alexander the Great Alexander the Great was a king of Macedon, a state in northern ancient Greece. Born in Pella in 356 BCE,
Alexander was tutored by Aristotle until the age of 16. By the age of 30, he had created one of the largest empires of the
ancient world, stretching from the Ionian Sea to the Himalayas. He was undefeated in battle and is considered one of history's
most successful commanders.
• Ancient Egypt A civilization that existed in the valley of the Nile River from 3150 BC to 30 BC. Noted for building the Great
Pyramids of Giza.
• Aten The supreme sun disk that assumed the apex of the Egyptian pantheon under Akhenaten's religious reforms.
• burial goods Items included in tombs that were thought to be necessary in the afterlife, from everyday objects to jewelry and
valuables.
• deified To be treated as worthy of worship, or regarded as a god.
• Early Dynastic Period The period in Egyptian history immediately following the unification of Lower and Upper Egypt, c. 3100
BC; generally taken to include the First and Second Dynasties.
• frieze Any sculptured or richly ornamented band in a building or, by extension, in rich pieces of furniture.
• funerary Of or relating to the interment or commemoration of the dead.
• funerary art Any work of art forming, or placed in, a repository for the remains of the dead (such as a tomb).
• Hellenic Referring to the ancient Greek world.
• hieratic A writing system used in pharaonic Egypt that was developed alongside the hieroglyphic system, primarily written in ink
with a reed brush on papyrus, allowing scribes to write quickly without resorting to the time consuming hieroglyphs.
• hieratic scale A manner of depicting figures' sizes as relative to their importance.
• hieroglyph An element of an Egyptian writing system.

• hypostyle hall A structure in which a roof is supported by columns.
• Ka statue A type of ancient Egyptian statue intended to provide a resting place for the ka, or spirit, of the person after death.
The ancient Egyptians believed the ka (or life-force), along with the physical body, the name, the ba (personality or soul), and
the šwt (shadow), made up the five aspects of a person.
• Ka statue A type of ancient Egyptian statue intended to provide a resting place for the ka, or spirit, of the person after death.
The ancient Egyptians believed the ka (or life-force), along with the physical body, name, ba (personality or soul), and šwt
(shadow) made up the five aspects of a person.
• Late Period The time of Ancient Egypt between the Third Intermediate Period until the conquest by Alexander the Great, from
664 BCE until 332 BCE; often regarded as the last gasp of the Egyptian culture.
• limestone An abundant rock of marine and freshwater sediments, primarily composed of calcite (CaCO₃); it occurs in a variety
of forms, both crystalline and amorphous.
• lintel A structural horizontal block that spans the space or opening between two vertical supports.
• mastaba A rectangular structure with a flat top and slightly sloping sides, built during Ancient Egyptian times above tombs that
were situated on flat land.
• mastaba A rectangular structure with a flat top and slightly sloping sides, built during Ancient Egyptian times above tombs that
were situated on flat land.
• Middle Kingdom Egypt in the Twelfth and Thirteenth dynasties, between 2055 BC and 1650 BC.
• monolith A large single block of stone used in architecture and sculpture.
• obelisk A tall, four-sided, narrow tapering monument which ends in a pyramid-like shape at the top.
• ochre An earth pigment containing silica, aluminum, and ferric oxide.

• Osiris The god of the underworld and husband of the goddess Isis in the Egyptian pantheon. He is usually depicted with green
skin and wrapped in a mummy's linen.
• papyrus A material similar to paper made from the Cyperus papyrus plant.
• pictographs (hieroglyphics) An ideogram that conveys its meaning through its pictorial resemblance to a physical object; often
used in writing and graphic systems.
• pylon A gateway to the inner part of an Ancient Egyptian temple.
• pyramid An ancient massive construction with a square or rectangular base and four triangular sides meeting in an apex, such
as those built as tombs in Egypt or as bases for temples in Mesoamerica.
• pyramid An ancient massive construction with a square or rectangular base and four triangular sides meeting in an apex, such
as those built as tombs in Egypt or as bases for temples in Mesoamerica.
• Pyramid Text A collection of spells to protect the pharaoh from harm in the afterlife.
• Pyramid Texts A collection of spells to assure the resurrection of the deceased and protect the Pharaoh from various malignant
influences.
• quarry To obtain (mine) stone from an excavation pit, usually by blasting, cutting, or digging.
• relief A type of artwork in which shapes or figures protrude from a flat background.
• sarcophagus A stone coffin, often inscribed or decorated with sculpture.
• shabti A figurine placed in tombs to act as servants for the deceased in the afterlife.
• sphinx A creature with the head of a human and the body of an animal (commonly a lion).
• stelae Stone or wooden slabs, generally taller than they are wide, often erected for funerals commemorative purposes and
decorated with images or text.
• sunk relief A type of artwork in which an image is made by cutting the relief sculpture itself into a flat surface.
• tenon A projecting member left by cutting away the wood around it, and made to insert into a mortise, and in this way secure
together the parts of a frame.
• wadi A valley, gully, or stream bed in northern Africa and southwest Asia that remains dry except during the rainy season.
Colossal statues of Ramses II outside of Abu Simbel

This famous work depicts four repeating statues of Ramses II, following the tradition of deifying pharaohs.
Wikimedia. "Ancient Egypt-Antico Egitto-Abu Simbel-Ramses II-DSC00534." GNU FDL http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ancient_Egypt-Antico_Egitto-
Abu_Simbel-Ramses_II-DSC00534.JPG View on Boundless.com
Relief portrait of Akhenaten (c. 1345BCE)

Akhenatenrepresented in the typical Amarna period style.
Wikipedia. "345px-ReliefPortraitOfAkhenaten01.png." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ReliefPortraitOfAkhenaten01.png View on Boundless.com
Wall painting of Nefertari

Egyptian paintings are painted in such a way to show a profile view and a side view of the animal or person. This painting, for example, shows the head
from a profile view and the body from a frontal view. The main colors used were red, blue, black, gold, and green.
Wikipedia. "Maler der Grabkammer der Nefertari 004." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maler_der_Grabkammer_der_Nefertari_004.jpg View on
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Ka statue of Horawibra
Wikipedia. "Ka Statue of horawibra." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ka_Statue_of_horawibra.jpg View on Boundless.com
Reserve heads (c. 26th century BCE)

These individualized busts might have been the commoners' equivalent of the ka statue, but the exact purpose remains unknown.
Wikimedia Commons. "640px-Reserve_heads.jpg." GNU FDL https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3786481 View on Boundless.com
The Great Sphinx of Giza

The Great Sphinx, located among the Pyramids of Giza, is the largest monolith statue in the world.
Wikipedia. "Tourist at Sphinx, Giza plateau." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tourist_at_Sphinx,_Giza_plateau.jpg View on Boundless.com
Mapof the netherworld from the coffin of Gua, from Deir el-Bersha,Egypt (Twelfth Dynasty, 1985-1795 BCE)
The map inscribed in this coffin comprises part of the Coffin Texts intended to help the deceased navigate through the Duat.
Wikimedia Commons. "360px-Coffin_of_Gua.jpg." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3804227 View on Boundless.com
Shabti figures
Shabti were funerary figurines that were placed in tombs along with the deceased to assist them in the afterlife.
Wikipedia. "Egyptian funerary figurines louvre 180flip." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egyptian_funerary_figurines_louvre_180flip.jpg View on
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Egyptian sculpture of the Old Kingdom

This sculpture was created in the Fourth Dynasty, and represents the goddess Hathor, King Menkaure, and the goddess Bat.
Wikipedia. "Hathor Menkaure Bat triad fourth dynasty Cairo Museum." Public domain
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hathor_Menkaure_Bat_triad_fourth_dynasty_Cairo_Museum.JPG View on Boundless.com
Brooklyn Papyrus (c. 450 BCE)

This papyrus provides the most striking evidence for the closely parallel roles of the physician swnw and the various priests concerned with healing.
Wikimedia Commons. "640px-Roll,_664_-_332_B.C.E._Brooklyn_Papyrus_47.218.48a-f.jpg." CC BY-SA 3.0
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=33288717 View on Boundless.com
Ramesseum courtyard
The design of Ramses's mortuary temple adheres to the standard canons of New Kingdom temple architecture. Oriented northwest and southeast, the
temple itself comprised two stone pylons (gateways, some 60 m wide), one after the other, each leading into a courtyard.
Wikipedia. "Ramesseum-Cour_et_Colosse.jpg." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=134275 View on Boundless.com
Head of pharaoh Sesostris III, made of red granite, circa 1850 BCE
Some of the sculptures of Senusret III, like this one, portray him as an aging man—a style that deviated from the standard representation of kings.
Wikipedia. "RedGraniteHeadOfSesostrisIII-BritishMuseum-August19-08." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RedGraniteHeadOfSesostrisIII-BritishMuseum-
August19-08.jpg View on Boundless.com
Artist's sketch: Walk In The Garden; limestone, New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty, c. 1335 BC
A relief of a royal couple in the Armana style. The figures are thought to be Akhenaten and Nefertiti, Smenkhkare and Meritaten, or Tutankhamen and
Ankhesenamun.
Wikipedia. "Spaziergang im Garten Amarna Berlin." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spaziergang_im_Garten_Amarna_Berlin.jpg View on
Boundless.com
Head of Nectanebo II
This portrait features a combination of traditional and naturalistic features.
Wikimedia Commons. "480px-Head_of_Nectanebo_II-MBA_Lyon_H1701-IMG_0204.jpg." CC BY-SA 2.0 France
Relief of Psamtik III at a chapel in Karnak

Despite changes in the sculptures of Horus and Pataikos, this image of the last pharaoh of the Twenty-Sixth Dynasty appears in the more traditional
stylized form.
Wikimedia Commons. "360px-Karnak_Psammetique_III.jpg." CC BY 3.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3577107 View on Boundless.com
Statue of an Egyptian dignitary from the Twenty-Seventh Dynasty

The necklace on this dignitary has been identified as typical of the era of Persian occupation.
Wikimedia Commons. "640px-Statue_dignitary_27th_dynasty_Florence.jpeg." CC BY-SA 4.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=36455543 View on
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Horus and Nectanebo II (360–343 BCE)

This is believed to be the only surviving annotated sculpture of the last pharaoh of the Thirtieth Dynasty.
Wikimedia Commons. "215px-HorusAndNectaneboII_MetropolitanMuseum.png." CC BY-SA 2.5 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1745992 View
on Boundless.com
PtolemyVI Philometor(c. 186–145BCE)

In this relief from a ring, Ptolemy VI wears the traditional white and red dual crown of Upper and Lower Egypt while displaying the naturalistic and
individualized facial features typical of Classical and Hellenistic portraiture.
Wikimedia Commons. "370px-Ring_with_engraved_portrait_of_Ptolemy_VI_Philometor_(3rd–2nd_century_BCE)_-_2009.jpg." Public domain
Sculptureof a Ptolemaic Queen, possibly Cleopatra VII (c. 50–30 BCE)

Despite a growing naturalism among portraits of male elites, those of women remained stylized.
Wikimedia Commons. "360px-Ptolemaic_Queen_(Cleopatra_VII-),_50-30_B.C.E.,_71.12.jpg." CC BY-SA 3.0
Eros Sleeping (Hellenistic, specific date unknown)

Nudity in sculptures of gods like Eros signified an increasing humanization of deities during the Hellenistic era.
Wikimedia Commons. "640px-0_Eros_dormiente_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_MC1157 (1).jpg." CC BY 3.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=26244388
View on Boundless.com
Ceramic plate (c. 3900 BCE)

Thisis a plate from the EarlyDynastic Period of Ancient Egypt. It depicts a man on a boat alongside a hippopotamusand crocodile. In this context, the
hippopotamus probably symbolizeschaos and destruction in the form of the god Seth (Set), while thecrocodile could symbolize the god Sobek, who
occasionally served as aprotective deity.
Wikimedia Commons. "640px-Man_on_boat_Ancient_Egypt.jpg." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=13760518 View on
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The Pyramids of Giza

This view shows all three pyramid structures: the Great Pyramid, the Pyramid of Khafre, and the Pyramid of Menkaure.
Wikipedia. "All Gizah Pyramids." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg View on Boundless.com
Albumen print of the Sphinx of Giza, partially excavated, with two pyramids in background
The Great Sphinx of Giza is the largest monolith statue in the world and was believed to have been built for King Khafra during the 4th Dynasty.
Wikipedia. "Sphinx partially excavated2." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sphinx_partially_excavated2.jpg View on Boundless.com
A sculpted head of Amenhotep III

Very conventionalized portrait statues manifest idealized features of rulers.
Wikipedia. "AmenhotepIII." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AmenhotepIII.jpg View on Boundless.com
Djoser pyramid
Step pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara, Egypt.
Wikipedia. "Saqqara BW 5." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saqqara_BW_5.jpg View on Boundless.com
Osiris
The gods Osiris, Anubis, and Horus, from a tomb painting.
Wikipedia. "La Tombe de Horemheb cropped." CC BY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Tombe_de_Horemheb_cropped.jpg View on Boundless.com
Horus as a Child (664–332 BCE)
Wikimedia Commons. "320px-Horus_as_a_child-MBA_Lyon_H1704-IMG_0155.jpg." CC BY-SA 2.0 France
Sunken relief of the crocodile god, Sobek

Animals were usually also highly symbolic figures in Egyptian art.
Wikipedia. "Egypt.Sobek.01." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egypt.Sobek.01.jpg View on Boundless.com
The stepped pyramid at Saqqara

Large tombs of pharaohs at Abydos and Naqada, in addition to cemeteries at Saqqara and Helwan near Memphis, reveal structures built largely of wood
and mud bricks, with some small use of stone for walls and floors.
Wikipedia. "Saqqara pyramid." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saqqara_pyramid.jpg View on Boundless.com
El-Amra clay model of cattle

This model was found in a tomb and was likely intended as a symbolic source of sustenance in the afterlife.
Wikimedia Commons. "640px-El-Amra_cattle_british_museum.jpeg." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10630679 View on
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The Palette of Narmer

On each side of the palette, the first king of a unified Egypt is depicted as an active conqueror and as a victorious son of divinity.
Wikimedia commons. "640px-Narmer_Palette.jpg." Public domain https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27338888 View on Boundless.com
Mastaba schematic
Inside the mastaba, a deep chamber was dug into the ground and lined with stone or bricks. Over time these tomb chambers sank more deeply and
were connected by stairs. The above-ground structure had space for a small chapel to which priests and family members could bring offerings for the
soul of the deceased.
Wikipedia. "mastaba-schematics.png." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15962446 View on Boundless.com
Example of a Mastaba
Royal mastabas were used to mark burial sites of many important Egyptians.
Wikimedia commons. "Example of a Mastaba." CC BY-SA https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba#/media/File:Mastaba-faraoun-3.jpg View on Boundless.com
Step Pyramid at Saqqara

Djoser's step pyramid was the first of the great pyramids built during the Old Kingdom in Eqypt. Unlike later pyramids, it used a step design that is easily
recognized.
Wikimedia. "Saqqara1 Djoser's step pyramid." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Saqqara1_Djoser's_step_pyramid.jpg View on Boundless.com
Painted walls in the burial chamber of Tutankhamun's tomb, Valley of the Kings, Egypt (late 14th century
BCE)
Tutankhamun's burial chamber contained beautiful works of art, text, and hieroglyphics.
Wikipedia. "Tut tomb.jpg." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egypt.KV62.01.jpg View on Boundless.com
Colonnaded design of Hatshepsut temple

Hatshepsut's temple is most famous for its Djeser-Djeseru, a colonnaded structure of such architectural skill that predates the Parthenon by nearly one
thousand years.
Wikipedia. "Il tempio di Hatshepsut." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Il_tempio_di_Hatshepsut.JPG View on Boundless.com
A panorama of the great hypostyle hall at Karnak

The Precinct of Amun-Re is part of the great temple complex at Karnak.
Wikipedia. "Karnakpanorama." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karnakpanorama.jpg View on Boundless.com
A panorama of a frieze in the Precinct of Amun-Re

Great monuments and temples were often decorated with elaborate relief sculpture during the New Kingdom.
Wikipedia. "Karnakfrieze1." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karnakfrieze1.jpg View on Boundless.com
Nakht and Tawy making an offering

The figures in this painting continue the conventions established during the Early Dynastic Period.
Wikimedia Commons. "456px-tomb-of-nakht-282-29.jpeg." Public domain https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2416341 View on Boundless.com
The Weighing of the Heart

In Spell 125, Anubis weighs the heart of Hunefer. This spell is first known from the reign of Hatshepsut and Tuthmose III, c. 1475 BC.
Wikipedia. "Weighing of the heart3." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weighing_of_the_heart3.jpg View on Boundless.com
Cursive hieroglyphs from the Papyrus of Ani

During the New Kingdom, the Book of the Dead was typically written in cursive hieroglyphs.
Wikipedia. "Papyrus Ani curs hiero." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Papyrus_Ani_curs_hiero.jpg View on Boundless.com
DetailofHatshepsut (c.1473–1458 BCE)

Hatshepsutis depicted in the clothing of a male king, though with a feminineform—differing from the Osirian statues in which she appears muchmore
androgynous.
Wikipedia. "Hatshepsut.jpg." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hatshepsut.jpg View on Boundless.com
Nakht hunting and fishing in the afterlife

The figures in these paintings convey a sense of dynamism, albeit still stylized as in the past.
Wikimedia Commons. "429px-Tomb_of_Nakht_(8).jpg." Public domain https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2416395 View on Boundless.com
Akhenaten's daughters
Following the conventions of the Amarna Period, the figures in this painting have protruding bellies, overlap one another, and appear more relaxed than
figures in previous eras. Although the depicted figures are girls, their skin tone is the same as their male counterparts.
Wikimedia commons. "Akhenaten's daughters.jpg." Public domain https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=146255 View on Boundless.com
Figure of Pataikos (664–630 BCE)

This glazed faience sculpture of the god Pataikos shows a somewhat naturalistic departure from traditional depictions of Egyptian deities.
Wikimedia Commons. "344px-Figure_of_Pataikos,_664-30_B.C.E._Faience,_glazed,37.949E.jpg." CC BY-SA 3.0
Mentuhotep II receiving offerings

MentuhotepII, seated, holds the crook as a symbol of power.
Wikimedia Commons. "509px-Louvre-antiquites-egyptiennes-p1020391.jpg." CC BY-SA 2.0 France https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=394177
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Three black granite statues of the pharaoh Sesotris III, seen in right profile (Twelfth Dynasty, circa 1850
BCE)
Senusret III is known for his strikingly somber sculptures.
Wikipedia. "ThreeStatuesOfSesotrisIII-RightProfiles-BritishMuseum-August19-08." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ThreeStatuesOfSesotrisIII-
RightProfiles-BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg View on Boundless.com
Example of a block statue

Block statues of the Middle Kingdom consisted of a man squatting with his knees drawn up to his chest.
Wikipedia. "Block statue Pa-Akh-Ra CdM." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Block_statue_Pa-Akh-Ra_CdM.jpg View on Boundless.com
Head and torso of a noblewoman (Twelfth Dynasty)

This sculpture, commissioned by a noblewoman, provides evidence of gender equality among the elite during the Middle Kingdom.
Wikimedia Commons. "315px-Head_and_Torso_of_a_Noblewoman,_ca._1844-1837_B.C.E._59.1.jpg." CC BY-SA 3.0
Head of a Kushite Ruler (c. 716–702 BCE)

This sculpture combines Egyptian and unique Kushite attributes.
Wikipedia. "488px-Head_of_a_Kushite_Ruler,_ca._716-702_B.C.E..jpg." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=36343528 View on
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Africa in 400 BCE

Map of kingdoms, states, and tribes in 400 BCE Africa.
Wikipedia. "Africa in 400 BC." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_in_400_BC.jpg View on Boundless.com
Sudan Meroë pyramids

Sudan Meroë pyramids — UNESCO World Heritage.
Wikipedia. "Sudan Meroe Pyramids 30sep2005 2." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sudan_Meroe_Pyramids_30sep2005_2.jpg View on Boundless.com
Annalsof Amenemhat II
This drawing represents one of the larger fragments of this stelae.
Wikimedia Commons. "593px-Annalenstein.png." Public domain https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25589325 View on Boundless.com
Funerary stelae of the bowman Semin

Funerarystelae were usually inscribed with the name and title of thedeceased, along with images or hieroglyphs.
Wikimedia Commons. "360px-Funerary_stele_of_bowman_Semin.jpg." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2757021 View on
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Black Pyramid of Amenemhat III

Middle Kingdom pyramids consist of mud brick and clay encased in limestone.
Wikimedia Commons. "589px-Black_Pyramid_of_Amenemhat_III..JPG." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12634500 View on
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A modern imitation of an ancient Egyptian scarab amulet

Scarabs were often included in tombs along with other burial goods as protectors of written products.
Wikipedia. "Scarab550bc." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scarab550bc.jpg View on Boundless.com
Obeliskof Senusret I
This obelisk is one half of a pair that originally marked the entrance to the temple of the sun god Ra.
Wikimedia Commons. "320px-Heliopolis200501.jpeg." Public domain https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15285922 View on Boundless.com
The White Chapel

The White Chapel of Senusret I at Karnak is a good example of the fine quality of art and architecture produced during the Twelfth Dynasty. Its columns
hold reliefs of a very high quality, which are hardly seen elsewhere at Karnak.
Wikipedia. "White Chapel." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:White_Chapel.jpg View on Boundless.com
A view of Buhen from the north

Buhen was an ancient fort built by Senusret III during his multiple campaigns. Its moat, drawbridges, and bastions would have provided good defense
against enemy attacks.
Wikipedia. "Buhen3." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buhen3.jpg View on Boundless.com
Nile Mosaic of Palestrina (c. 100 BCE)
Wikipedia. "NileMosaicOfPalestrina." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NileMosaicOfPalestrina.jpg View on Boundless.com
Alexander the Great bust

Portrait of Alexander the Great, said to be from Alexandria, Egypt. Marble, second to first century BC.
Wikipedia. "AlexanderTheGreat Bust." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AlexanderTheGreat_Bust.jpg View on Boundless.com
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The Old Kingdom

The Middle Kingdom

The New Kingdom