Array, Records, and Aggregated

Constants
Dr. Yann-Hang Lee
[email protected]
Composite structures

 Arrays
 group elements of same types
 Records
 group elements of different types
 Access
 like pointers in “C”, may be useful in file I/O and
creation of test environments. Generally beyond the
scope of this course.

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Declaring Arrays

 FORM
TYPE array_name IS ARRAY (discrete_range {,…})
OF element_subtype_indication;

 Examples
TYPE carrier IS ARRAY (15 downto 0) of bit;
TYPE regs IS ARRAY ( 0 to 31) of byte;
(where we previously defined type byte by
type byte is 0 to 255;)

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USE of Discrete Range

 Discrete range is
 index_value TO index_value
 index_value DOWNTO index_value
 using a previously defined type
 type_name’range OR
 type_name RANGE left_value TO right_value OR
 type_name RANGE right_value DOWNTO left_value

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Objects or Types

 Can declare objects to be arrays directly

SIGNAL AX : ARRAY ( leftbit DOWNTO rightbit ) of
BIT;
 HOWEVER! Almost always MULTIPLE arrays of the
same dimensions and with the same element types
are needed, so usually
 declare array type
 declare objects
TYPE word IS ARRAY ( 31 DOWNTO 0 ) of BIT;
SIGNAL AX, BX, CX, DX : word;
VARIABLE temp : word;

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Array Attributes

 left -- left index defined in range

 right -- right index defined in range
 low -- smallest index value defined in range
 high -- largest index value defined in range
 range -- left index, direction, right index
 reverserange -- right index, opposite direction, left
index
 length -- number of elements in array

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Reference to Elements of an Array

 Use parenthesis, not brackets for index

 Example:
AX ( word’left ) -- means AX(31) from previous definition of type
word
 Example
FOR j in AX’range LOOP
IF j <> AX’right THEN AX ( j) <= AX(j-1);
ELSE AX(j) <= new_right_bit;
END LOOP;
 Constant index is legal, but generally bad practice
 e.g. AX(0);

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Reference to Array Slices

 Useful for extracting and inserting

“subvector” or “field” values.
Example:
AH := AX (31 downto 16 );
AL := AX (15 downto 0);

Example: picking off the carry bit after an add operation:

result <= add_temp (add_temp’left-1 downto 0);
cybit <= add_temp (add_temp’left);

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The & symbol -- concatentation

 connects arrays end-to-end

Example: combining two halfwords to make a full word

fullbus <= AH & AL;

Example: swapping halfwords

AX <= AL & AH; -- where AL and AH are the right and
left half of AX

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Shift and Rotate

More examples using slices and concatenation

 Left shift, zero fill

AX <= AX ( AX’left-1 downto AX’right ) & ‘0’;

 Right rotate
AX <= AX (0) & ( AX’left downto AX’right+1 ) & ‘0’;

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Vector Operation Replaces FOR Loop

 Previous example
FOR j in AX’range LOOP
IF j <> AX’right THEN AX ( j) <= AX(j-1);
ELSE AX(j) <= new_right_bit;
END LOOP;

 Better representation:
AX <= AX(ax’left-1 downto ax’right) & new_right_bit;

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 Stack manipulation example

 Suppose we declare
SIGNAL STK : ARRAY ( 0 to stacksize-1) of stack_element;
SIGNAL TOS : stack_element;
CONSTANT NO_ELT : stack_element := 0;

 PUSH operation where TOS is a separate signal

STK <= TOS & STK (stk’left to stk’right-1);

 POP operation
STK <= STK (stk’left+1 to stk’right) & NO_ELT;
TOS <= STK (stk’left);

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Unconstrained Arrays

 In a package,
 declare element types
 declare array types
 At the time the array type is declared, the actual size
of the array objects is unknown
 Necessary because OPERATIONs on the array need
to be written generally
 operate the objects regardless of the size they may
have.

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How to Declare an Unconstrained Array

FORM
TYPE arrayname IS ARRAY ( indextype RANGE <> )
OF element_type;

Examples:
TYPE bit_vector IS ARRAY ( NATURAL RANGE <>)
OF BIT;
TYPE std_logic_vector IS ARRAY (NATURAL RANGE
<>) OF STD_LOGIC;

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Bit_Vectors and Strings

 Predefined for use in STD.STANDARD

 Both are unconstrained array declarations
Examples of use:
constant Error_Msg : string := “System is FRIED!!!”; -- string is
-- an array of characters
constant zeroes : bit_vector := B”0000_0000”;
constant empty: bit_vector := O”052”;
constant restart: bit_vector := X”0FC”;
Notes:
 B, O, X indicate binary, octal, hex representation of bits
 Underscore within quotes is NOT treated as a character.

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Std_Logic_Vectors

 Unconstrained array defined for us in

Library IEEE;
USE Package IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.all;

Example of use:
entity alu ( left, right : in std_logic_vector;
result : out std_logic_vector;
cy_in : in std_logic;
cy_out : out std_logic;
control : in std_logic_vector (0 to 3) );

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Records

 Declaration
TYPE record_type IS
RECORD
field1 : type;
field2 : type;
END RECORD

 Should be used to group elements of different types

which logically belong together.

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Records

 Definition --
TYPE time_stamp IS RECORD
second : integer range 0 to 59;
minute : integer range 0 to 59;
hour : integer range 0 to 23;
END RECORD;

 VARIABLE current_time : time_stamp;

current_time.second := 0;
 no variant field allowed in VHDL

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Example of Record

 Type declarations
TYPE Operations is (move, add, sub, adc, sbb, bra, call, inc, dec,
push, pop, shf, rot flag);
TYPE Address_mode is (reg, direct, indirect, displ, indexed);
TYPE Xreg is (ax, bx, cx, dx, sp, bp, si, di);
 A type describing the structure of instructions:
TYPE Instruction is RECORD
opcode : Operations;
src_mode: Address_mode;
src_reg, dst_reg: Xreg;
dst_mode: Address_mode;
END RECORD;

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References to records

 Just as in other languages, name the object

followed by period and the field
FORM: objectname.fieldname
 Example
SIGNAL IR : Instruction;
...
case IR.opcode IS -- references opcode field
where mov => . . .
where add => . . .

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Aggregated constants

 The way to define constant values for composite

data objects like arrays and records.

 FORM
( index_or_field_name(s) => value,
repeated as many times as needed. . . );

index_or_field_name(s) can be a range of values for

array indexing, several enumerated values separated
by |, or the field names for records.

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Examples of Aggregated Constants

Assume
type clock_level is (low, rising, high, falling);
type ctable is array (clock_level) of bit;

constant conversion_table : ctable := (‘0’,’1’,’1’,’0’);

constant conversion_table : ctable := (“0110”);
constant conversion_table : ctable :=
(low=>’0’,rising=>’1’,high=>’1’,falling=>’0’);
constant conversion_table : ctable := (low|falling => ‘0’,
high|rising => ‘1’);

All have the same meaning

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Referencing into tables

Suppose we declare
Variable clk_tran : clock_level;
Signal bit_action : bit;

Then we can write the following statement:

bit_action <= ctable ( clk_tran );

Note that the index values are NOT integers, but that’s OK!

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Aggregated Constants

 Strings and derived types on character can be

placed in “ . . . “

 Examples
Constant X : bit_vector := “0010”;
Constant Y : std_logic_vector := “001X”;
Constant Z : string := “ABCD”;

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More examples of aggregated
constants
 Record example
Constant CLEARAX : Instruction :=
(opcode => xor,
src_reg => ax,
dst_reg => ax,
src_mode=> reg,
dst_mode => reg);

 Array example
Constant ZZs : cpureg := (cpureg’range => ‘Z’);

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Multidimensional Arrays

TYPE array_name IS ARRAY(index_type1,

index_type2, . . .) OF element_type;

 Most useful in creating lookup tables for functions

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Creating tables for lookup
functions - example
TYPE stdlogic_table IS ARRAY(std_ulogic,std_ulogic) OF std_ulogic;
-- truth table for "and" function
CONSTANT and_table : stdlogic_table := (
-- ----------------------------------------------------
-- | U X 0 1 Z W L H - | |
-- ----------------------------------------------------
( 'U', 'U', '0', 'U', 'U', 'U', '0', 'U', 'U' ), -- | U |
( 'U', 'X', '0', 'X', 'X', 'X', '0', 'X', 'X' ), -- | X |
( '0', '0', '0', '0', '0', '0', '0', '0', '0' ), -- | 0 |
( 'U', 'X', '0', '1', 'X', 'X', '0', '1', 'X' ), -- | 1 |
( 'U', 'X', '0', 'X', 'X', 'X', '0', 'X', 'X' ), -- | Z |
( 'U', 'X', '0', 'X', 'X', 'X', '0', 'X', 'X' ), -- | W |
( '0', '0', '0', '0', '0', '0', '0', '0', '0' ), -- | L |
( 'U', 'X', '0', '1', 'X', 'X', '0', '1', 'X' ), -- | H |
( 'U', 'X', '0', 'X', 'X', 'X', '0', 'X', 'X' )); -- | - |

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Another table lookup example

 Suppose inputs P and Q are std_ulogic, then the quickest way

to get the new value for AND is a table lookup, handled by the
AND operation in the Package STD_LOGIC_1164 Body.

Result := and_table (P,Q);

 Note: the values of P and Q are enumerated, not

indexed.

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Use of OTHERS keyword

 Filling in all the default values in Arrays

 Extremely useful where unconstrained arrays need to
be initialized.
 FORM:
use keyword OTHERS as the index_name

 Constant S_ONE : std_logic_vector := (S_ONE’right

=> ‘1’, OTHERS => ‘0’);
 Constant S_ZZZ : std_logic_vector := (OTHERS =>
‘Z’);

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